1. Syahfitri Nur Afifah (14700003) Gita Dewi Ristari (14700049) Arma Widyanti (14700001) Fitroh Rochmadiani (14700073) Lenny Latifah U (14700085) Rio Firdaus Nur F (14700027) Aristanto Prambudi(14700059) Fajar Subarkah(14700081)

2.  The respiratory system is the system in the human body that enables us to breathe.  The parts outside the chest cavity are collectively called the upper respiratory system

3.  Nose (notritis) the nose is the entranca of the respiratory tract and helps in allowing air to flow in and out.  Nasal cavity To act as the main passageway for the airflow entering the lungs.The nasal cavity also filters the incoming air,regulates temperture and humidifiles the nasan passage to aid the filtering function.  Mouth to warm, filter and moisten the incoming air  Pharynx To transfer food ftom the mouth to the esophagus and to warm, moisten and filter air before it moves into the trachea  Larynx it helps in controlling breathing and swallowing.

4.  Hayfever  Sinusitis

5.  Each spring, summer, and fall, trees, weeds, and grasses release tiny pollen grains into the air. Some of the pollen ends up in your nose and throat. This can trigger a type of allergy called hay fever.  Symptoms can include: 1. Sneezing, often with a runny or clogged nose 2. Coughing and postnasal drip 3. Itching eyes, nose and throat 4. Red and watery eyes 5. Dark circles under the eyes

6. 1. Skin test - the skin is pricked with a minute amount of a known allergen (substance that some people are allergic to). The amount of IgE antibodies (immunoglobulin E) is measured. IgE antibodies are produced in high amounts if a person has an allergy to something. 2. Blood test - the test simply measures the level of IgE antibody in the blood. If it is zero there is no sensitivity, whereas 6 indicates very high sensitivity.

7. 1. Antihistamine sprays or tablets It usually effectively relieve symptoms of runny nose, itching and sneezing 2. Nasal Corticosteroids – These sprays treat the inflammation caused by hay fever, and are a safe and very effective long-term treatment 3. Oral corticosteroids for very severe hay fever symptoms

8.  Prevent transmission of the virus  Washing hand and wearing a face mask  Consumption of zinc supplements  Consumption of vitamin C supplements

9.  Sinusitis means your sinuses are inflamed. The cause can be an infection or another problem. Your sinuses are hollow air spaces within the bones surrounding the nose. They produce mucus, which drains into the nose. If your nose is swollen, this can block the sinuses and cause pain.  There are several types of sinusitis, including: 1. Acute, which lasts up to 4 weeks 2. Subacute, which lasts 4 to 12 weeks 3. Chronic, which lasts more than 12 weeks and can continue for months or even years 4. Recurrent, with several attacks within a year 5. Acute sinusitis often starts as a cold, which then turns into a bacterial infection. Allergies, nasal problems, and certain diseases can also cause acute and chronic sinusitis.

10. A. Acute sinusitis : Thick, green or yellow nasal discharge Facial pain and pressure, blocked nose, nasal discharge, poor sense of smell, congestion, cough  These symptoms may also be present a high temperature Halitosis(bad breath), tiredness, toothachei

11. B. Chronic sinusitis > Congested, puffy face > Blocked nose >Nasal cavity has pus >A high temperature (fever) >Nasal discharge >Discolored postnasal drainage >These symptoms may also be present >Headache >Halitosis (bad breath) >Tiredness >Toothache These signs and symptoms may have been present for at least 8 weeks

12. 1. Steam inhalation you breath in steam from a bowl of hot water - not boiling. 2. Nasal Irrigation this is also known as sinus irrigation, sinus rinse, or sinus lavage 3. Sleeping with your head raised 4. Painkillers 5. Decongestant tablets these may reduce swelling and allow the sinuses to drain. 6. Decongestant sprays these may have the same effect as tablets

13.  Bathe your nasal passages daily  Drink lots of water  Inhale steam  Avoid dry environments  Sleep with your head elevated