1. Bell Quiz (pgs. 392-407) 1.What was the goal of Portugal’s explorers?
2. What were the names of Christopher Columbus’s three ships?
3. Who issued an edict in 1493 that drew an imaginary line from north to south through the middle of the Atlantic Ocean?
4. What was the Middle Passage?
5. Who was Moctezuma II (Montezuma)?

2. Answers
1. Find gold, a way to trade in the Indies and spread Christian.
2. Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria.
3. Pope Alexander VI
4. The shipment of slaves across the Atlantic.
5. The ruler of the Aztecs.

3. Chapter 16.1 and 16.2 Terms
Scientific Revolution Mercantilism Favorable balance of trade Tariffs

4. Objectives Describe what the early Portuguese explorers accomplished.
Discuss how the voyages of Christopher Columbus influenced the world.
Explain why the Atlantic slave trade prospered.
Describe how Spain extended its power abroad and at home.
Explain why the Dutch were successful in the 1600s.

5. Pages 388-91 Technology Describe the technology
How did it aid exploration
Rank the importance of the technology from “1” most important to “5” least important
Maps
Compass
Astrolabe
Changes in ships
Rudder
Sails

6. Explorers of Portugal
Portuguese and Spanish explorers made the first European voyages into unknown waters.
Curiosity, religion, and economic goals drove them.
Prince Henry “The Navigator”
Prince Henry and Portugal’s goals were to find gold, a new way to the rich spice trade of the Indies, and spread the Christian faith.
Success of early voyages encouraged others.
1488, Bartolomeu Dias sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and discovered a new route to the Indian Ocean.
1498, Vasco da Gama sailed across the Indian Ocean to India.
Da Gama returned with his ships full of valuable goods.
Together Dias and da Gama created an overseas trade route from Europe to India and the East Indies.

7. Christopher Columbus Spain also became interested in new trade routes
Christopher Columbus believed that a shorter route to Asia could be found by sailing westward.
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain agreed to finance Columbus’s voyage.
August 1492, Columbus set sail in his three ships
October 12, 1492, Columbus’s fleet landed at what became San Salvador in the Bahamas.

8. The Impact of Columbus’s Voyages
In the years that followed a massive exchange took place between the New World and Europe. (Columbian Exchange)
Products, plants, animals, and even disease traveled between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres.
Spain became a major world power.
Potatoes, tomatoes, beans, and corn were introduced in Europe.
Spain brought horses to the Americas.
Smallpox and other diseases were also brought to the Americas.
The native populations had no immunity to these diseases and millions died.

9. Dividing the New Lands
1493, Pope Alexander VI drew an imaginary line from north to south through the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.
Alexander gave Spain the right to all newly discovered lands west of the line.
Portugal could claim the discovered land east of the line.
1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal moved the line farther west.

10. Other Explorers
Amerigo Vespucci: Italian navigator that crossed the Atlantic several times between
1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa of Spain crossed the Isthmus of Panama.
Balboa’s discovery made in clear that the New World was not part of Asia.
Ferdinand Magellan and his crew made first round-the-world voyage

11. Slave Trade
During the 1500s Europeans began using slave labor in their overseas empires.
Enslaving Native Americans was not effective.
Europeans began to rely on enslaved Africans.
Slave Trade grew quickly after the Portuguese set up sugar plantations.
The Dutch, English, and French all became active in the slave trade.

12. Triangular Trade
The slave trade was part of a larger system known as the triangular trade.
Stage 1: merchants shipped cotton goods, weapons, and liquor to Africa in exchange for slaves.
Stage 2: the Middle Passage – the shipment of slaves across the Atlantic to the Americas.
During the Middle Passage slaves were chained into the overcrowded holds of ships.
Slaves had little food or water and no sanitary facilities.
Many slaves died before reaching America.
In the Americas slaves were sold for goods produced on the plantations.
Stage 3: merchants sent plantation products to Europe.
It is estimated that 10 million Africans survived the journey and were enslaved in the Americas.

13. Spain’s Colonial Empire
Throughout the 1500s Spain was the most powerful nation in Europe.
1531 Ponce de Leon explored what is now Florida.
Other Spanish explorers went to the Yucatan in Mexico.
Discovered the Maya and Aztec civilizations.
1519, Hernan Cortes and 600 men invaded Mexico.
Cortes Destroyed Aztec cities and captured Aztec ruler Moctuzuma II (Montezuma).
1530, Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan empire and claimed the land that formed modern-day Ecuador and Chile.

14. Charles V and the Habsburgs
Charles was a member of the Habsburgs, an old German family.
Charles took the Spanish throne in 1516
1519 Charles is elected Holy Roman Emperor.
1556 Charles realized his empire was too large for one man to rule.
Charles divided his empire amongst his family.
Charles’s son Philip II received Spain.
Charles’s other son, Ferdinand I took the title of Holy Roman Emperor and head of the Austrian Habsburgs

15. The Rise of the Dutch
The Netherlands was under control of Philip II and Spain.
1568, William of Orange led a revolt against Philip.
1579 Northern provinces declared their independence from Spain.
The Dutch become a colonial power after the founding of the Dutch East India Company in 1602.

16. Review What did the early Portuguese explorers accomplish?
How did the voyages of Christopher Columbus influenced the world?
Why did the Atlantic slave trade prosper?
How did Spain extended its power abroad and at home?