2. C 24: New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania
Hispaniola (Haiti-Dominican Republic
Indigenous Taino people (4 million 1492
(1000s by 1540s)
Encomienda system?
Gold, some silver NOT silks and spices
Taino populations gone by mid 16th C
Culture preserved through language

4. fire consuming the temple of Huitzilopochtli
the appearance of streaking fire
across the sky,
the “boiling,” and later flooding, of a lake nearby Tenochtitlan,
a woman weeping in the middle of night
Fishermen discovered a bird that wore a strange mirror in the crown of its head. Montezuma looked into the mirror and saw a distant plain, with people making war against each other and riding on the backs of animals resembling deer.
and the sightings of strange monsters having two heads and only one body throughout the city.
God Quetzalcoatl (bearded, fair skinned Toltec god) was to return from the East
The emperor Montezuma was said to have consulted fortune tellers to determine the causes of these omens; but they were unable to provide an exact explanation until after the arrival of the Spaniards

7. Hernan Cortes Montezuma II Spanish arrive Messengers killed Tlaxcala
Malinche interprets
(Maya and Nahuatl)

8. June 1520: Fall of the Aztec Empire 600 Spanish Conquistadors killed
1520: Death of Montezuma II
June 1520: Fall of the Aztec Empire
600 Spanish Conquistadors killed
,000 Aztecs killed: battle of Tenochtitlan

9. December 1520: 70 day smallpox epidemic

10. Florentine Codex
Bernardino de Sahagun:
Father of modern enthography
Bartolome de las Casas:
Wrote about abuse of native populations
Initially suggested imported Africans for labor

11. Bishop Diego de Landa
Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán 1566
During a ceremony on July 12, 1562, a disputed number of Maya codices
(or books; Landa admits to 27, other sources claim "99 times as many")
and approximately 5,000 Maya cult images were burned. The actions of
Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the Americas.

12. Francisco Pizarro and Atahualpa: The Fall of the Inca Empire 1532-1533
Pizarro had 180 soldiers
60 reinforcements to
conquer an empire of 11 million
Atahualpa and Huascar
Inca army = thousands
(Submit and Live,
Resist and Die)
Battle of Cajamarca 1532
Francisco Pizarro and Atahualpa, in 1532, drawing by Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala, c
1572: Spaniards executing Tupac Amaru
Last Inca emperor

13. Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala
Guaman Poma's great work was the (The First New Chronicle and Good Government), a 1,189-page document.. His book remains the longest sustained critique of Spanish colonial rule produced by an indigenous subject in the entire colonial period. Written between 1600 and 1615 and addressed to King Philip II of Spain, the Corónica outlines the injustices of colonial rule and argues that the Spanish were foreign settlers in Peru. The king never received the document.

14. Europeans in the Americas? Portuguese and indigenous peoples?

15. Similarities and Differences?

16. Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of social hierarchy
established in colonial America.
What evidence would you use to answer this question?

17. Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of social hierarchy
established in colonial America.
Differences: S: P:
Peninsulares Pensinsulares
Creoles (Crillos) MESTIZOS
MESTIZOS Mulattos
RIGID Hierarchy Zambos
Peninsulares owned all -More male dominated
the land and power 85% of migrant population
was male
- more African slaves (1518: first slaves imported to New Word- to Brazil
-Portuguese planters and owners of sugar mills were a
privileged class
- acted like the landed nobility
- as long as they contributed to
royal revenues, they were left alone
Similarities:
- People of varied ancestry lived together under European rule
Mixed race performed much of the manual labor
Members of native European countries were the pinnacle of the social ladder
Mixed races below on the social hierarchy
Slaves at the bottom

18. The Colonial Class System
Born in America/
Iberian parents
Peninsulares
Creoles
Social Organization:
Similar or Different
from other areas?
Mulattos
Mestizos
African +
Spanish/
Portugese
Spanish +
Natives
Zambos?
Native Indians
Black Slaves

19. Miguel Cabrera: 18th century Zapotec artist…

20. Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of colonial administration
established in colonial America.
What evidence would you use to answer this question?

21. Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of colonial administration
established in colonial America.
Differences: S: initially ruled by conquistadores
- semi-private regimes that gave way to
the Spanish crown
-administrative centers in Mexico and
Peru governed by viceroys
- viceroys were reviewed by audencias
haciendas
encomienda system eventually replaced
by the repartimiento system
quinto: Spanish crown claimed 1/5 of
all silver produced P:
Sugar plantations
Portuguese king granted large territories to nobles
Expected nobles to develop their holdings
Dispatched a governor to oversee affairs and enforce
Imperial policy
Similarities:
Imperial rule/ royal backing and oversight
European style society in the cities
Both developed colonies for economic gain’
Tried to gain control of as much land and territory as possible
Tried to make sure officials remained loyal to their respective governments
- generally saw this land as a place to exploit rather than as a place to settle

22. A Hacienda in Chile
Mexico City and Lima?

24. has records which show a production of nearly $800,000,000 in silver
Potosi
Quinto?
Mita service?
Zacatecas: One of the most productive of its silver mines, the Alvarado,
has records which show a production of nearly $800,000,000 in silver
between 1548 and 1867.

26. Colonial government
in North America:
Private investors VS
Royal backing…
European Empires
and Colonies
In the Americas, 1700

27. North American Populations

28. Export of Tobacco from Virginia

29. Compare the nature of the contact between the indigenous peoples and
the Spanish, French and English in colonial America.
What evidence would you use to answer this question?

30. Compare the nature of the contact between the indigenous peoples and
the Spanish, French and English in colonial America.
S: -forced labor so half hearted attempt to rebel/ little option available to them
- mestizo populations develop because
initially Spanish men settled in Americas by themselves
Differences: - some attempt to use Spanish law to address poor treatment
Fr: (more success w/ CONVERSION)
- initially French male traders and fur trappers
- Meti populations develop (FR and Native America)
- mot as oppressive/ Fr don’t force religion or government on natives
- Native Americans used the Fr and English against one another to maximize profit E:
- treaties/ not great. English tended to settled in North America as families- FARMS conflicted w indigenous migrations/ hunting: led to conflict/ bitterness/ resentment/ HATED interracial marriages/ didn’t care about religious conversion
Similarities:
In all cases, Europeans met
Disorganized groups of
indigenous peoples
(unlike Spanish Latin America)
All were seeking trading relationships.
(fur, fish…)- trade routes
All eventually came to dominate the
indigenous populations

31. 1531: Latin America/ Virgin of Guadalupe yes!

32. Spanish fort in Florida

33. S P I C E Social: Political: Interaction
Development and Transformation of social structures
Political:
State-building, expansion and conflict
Interaction
Between humans and the environment
Spanish: introduced smallpox, reduced native pop by 90% (~ 4 million to 2000)
imposed strict system of social hierarchy based on race (peninsulares, creoles,
mestizos, mulattos, zambos)/ harsh treatment of natives: encomienda system
repartimiento system, mita service)/ established capitals in European style:
Mexico City (New Spain), Lima (New Castile)./early settlers mostly single men
Portuguese: no forced labor for natives, imported African slaves for sugar mills, similar
social hierarchy to the Spanish/ early settlers mostly single men: social classes
created from offspring of Europeans and Africans (mulattos) and natives and
Africans (zambos) (BOTH social systems based on race)
French: mostly single men come over to Americas: enter into relationship with native
women = metis
English: families come over- less interaction with natives S P I C E
90% of native pop
Lost in Latin Am
North Am = mostly
displacement
Spanish/ Portuguese: viceroyalties, audencias check the power of the viceroys,
encomineda system serves as mechanism for control
Brazil: given to nobles by the king
Iberian royal crowns controlled the colonies to a greater degree than the
British or French
British/ French: more independent, backed by support of some private investors as
well as the crown under a mercantilist model
Latin America: Plantations/ haciendas/ mining/ gold and silver / sugar/ introduction
of smallpox and huge population loss
North America: originally intend to live off the land and import goods/ later become
settled agriculturalists- learn from natives
New England: refine sugarcane into molasses for export
French: exploit fur resources

34. S P I C E Culture: Economic:
Development and interaction of cultures
Economic:
Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems
Spanish/ Portuguese: intentionally do not encourage cultural exchange or
diffusion, tried to eliminate native beliefs and replace with
Roman Catholicism. Missionaries present early on:
Bartolomeu de las Casas, Bishop Diego de Landa- Virgin of
Guadalupe represents support for Christianity among natives
English/ French: neither had much interest in converting natives to Christianity
more cultural diffusion with the French/ English resisted mixed
relationships the most / Africans in French colonies = voodoo
Native resistance: try to retain cultural identity but largely unsuccessful- some
revolts in North America/ African slaves attempted revolt but not successful
Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala: native Incan who protested to the king to no avail
Tupac Amaru rebellion (Inca) : led a rebel state, last Inca ruler, executed by the Spanish
Mostly Mexico
Not Peru S P I C E
Spanish/ Portuguese: first looked for finished products/ spices/ gold/ finding none
set up plantation economies (mostly sugar cane)
Spanish: silver mines (Zacatecas, Mexico/ Potosi), Peru/ Manilla galleons
EMCOMIENDA/ REPARTIMIENTO/ FREE LABOR
qunito tax
Brazil: engenhos
English: mercantile system/ Atlantic Slave trade/ sugar = molasses and rum
indentured servants as labor pool
did not enslave the natives
cash crops = cotton, tobacco, southern plantations
French: in North America = fur trade, timber, fish
in Caribbean colonies = horrible plantation conditions, sugarcane

36. Vasco da Gama Adam Smith
Alfonso d Albuquerque Mercantilism
Ferdinand and Isabel Spanish Inquisition
Christopher Columbus Copernicus
Taino John Locke
Hispaniola Thirty Years’ War
Motivations for exploration? Peace of Westphalia
Columbian Exchange Balance of Power
Seven Year’s War Hernan Cortes
Manila Galleons Francisco Pizarro
James Cook Atahualpa/Huascar
Martin Luther viceroys
Protestant Reformation audencias
John Calvin quinto
Henry VIII Potosi
Council of Trent peninsluares/mestizos/crillos
Louis XIV mulattos/ zambos
English East India Company North America: royal backing
United East India Company (VOC) encomiendas
Indulgences mita
Divine Right of Kings indentured servitude

37. Compare the forced labor systems utilized by the Spanish, Portuguese and
the English in colonial America.

38. S P I C E Social: Political: Interaction
Development and Transformation of social structures
Political:
State-building, expansion and conflict
Interaction
Between humans and the environment S P I C E

39. 1572

40. S P I C E Culture: Economic: Development and interaction of cultures
Economic:
Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems S P I C E

41. Post- 15th Century Trade Routes?

42. 1992 Columbus Quincentenary:
Columbus as Hero or Villain?
POV?