1. To-infinitive GERUND

2. To-infinitive + Gerund
The to-infinitive after a verb often describes a future event.
Eg: after hope, expect, promise, want, the event in the to-infintive comes after the activity or thought in the main verb:
I hope to see you next week.
Gerund describes an activity.
We enjoyed seeing you last weekend.

3. G1- afford / agree
G2 – learn / need
G3 – ask / decide
G4 – promise / refuse
G5 – expect / fail
G6 – tell / want
G7 – hope / wish
G8 – want / decide

4. afford / agree I agree to go to the Beijing trip this summer holiday.
I can afford to buy this picture.
learn / need
We should learn to do housework.
Human need to drink water.

5. Hope / wish I hope to meet Beckham in England.
I wish to fly up high in the sky.
Want / decide
I want to do the homework today.
I decide to buy this book.

6. Expect / fail We expect to pass the English exam.
We failed to do the homework.
Tell / want
He wanted to tell her about his feelings.

7. Ask / decide I asked my mum to go shopping with me.
I decided to go hiking this Sunday.
Promise / refuse
I promised my mother to finish my homework by 6pm.
I refuse to invite Yumiko to my party.

8. No major difference in meaning
Some verbs can be followed by either the to-infinitive or the gerund without any major difference in meaning:
Begin
Continue
Start
intend
Mother Teresa started to live/living in the slums of Calcutta from 1948.
Though she faced many problems, Mother Teresa continued to work/working for the poor.

9. Gerund (general), to-infinitive (particular situation)
Some verbs are generally followed by the gerund when used in a general sense
The to-infinitive is often used for a particular situation.
Love
Like
Hate
Prefer
(I like swimming) but I don’t like to swim (on cold days).

10. The Gerund is formed by adding ‘ing’ to the base form of a verb.
swim  swimming
eat  eating
run  running

11. The Gerund can be used – As a noun E.g
Running is my favourite sport. (subject)
He tried running faster (object)
She was afraid of losing. (object of preposition)

12. Exercise (swim) _________is a very good form of exercise.
I have some (shop) ______to do this afternoon.
(learn) _________English takes a long time.

13. After adjectives + preposition
accustomed to capable of
fond of afraid of
successful in good at
tired of interested in
E.g
She is accustomed to training for many hours.
He is good at running the 200 meters race

14. Exercise Mary is fond of _______ (sing).
The boy soon became accustomed to _______ (work) hard.
Are you afraid of _______ (play) the exciting electronic games.
She is never tired of _______ (talk) about her clever son.

15. G1 – admit
G2- avoid
G3 – delay G4-deny
G5-enjoy
G6-finish
G7 – keep
G8-mind

16. Admit
My brother admitted breaking the vase.
Avoid
I avoid walking on busy streets.
Delay
The school delayed opening this morning.

17. finish I finish doing my homework. Keep
After 4 hours, he keeps standing there.
Mind
Would you mind lending your pen to me.

18. deny I deny that I am not good at singing. I deny doing a wrong thing
I deny being late to school every day.
I deny talking during the lesson.
Enjoy
I enjoy playing computer games.

19. After verbs admit can’t help dislike keep try finish advise keep enjoy
appreciate mind avoid
understand suggest forgive
E.g
John has finished repairing his bicycle.
They enjoy walking in the evening.
Mary dislikes swimming in winter.

20. Exercise He kept ________(run) till the end.
She enjoys _______ (run) for competition.
They dislike _______(drive) small cars.
He avoided ________(answer) my question.
Would you mind me ________ (smoke) in this room.

22. Bare infinitive Infinitive form without “to”
After modal verbs (should, could, must..etc), “had better” and “would rather”
We should respect people who are selfless and kind.
You’d better prepare for the interview as you’ll be asked lots of questions.
I’d rather go for a walk.

23. Bare infinitive – p111 2. After “let” and “make” 3. After Feel See
Mother Teresa let the poor die in dignity.
The teacher made him stay behind after school.
3. After
Feel
See
Watch
Notice
Hear
Listen to
She saw a man enter the room.
I heard the boys quarrel with each other.

24. Bare infinitive Infinitive form without “to”
After modal verbs (should, could, must..etc), “had better” and “would rather”
We should respect people who are selfless and kind.
You’d better prepare for the interview as you’ll be asked lots of questions.
I’d rather go for a walk.

25. 1 I enjoy to swim.
2 I 　enjoy swimming.
right
Which is correct ?

26. 1 I want to study .
right
2 　 I want studying.
Which is correct ?

27. 1 I finish to eat .
2 　 I finish eating.
right
Which is correct ?

28. 1 I need to study .
right
2 　 I need studying.
Which is correct ?

29. 1 I hope to study .
right
2 　 I hope studying.
Which is correct ?

30. 1 I stopped to smoke.
right
2 　 I stopped smoking.
Which is correct ?

31. Summary table for to-infinitive and gerund
Gerund (-ing forms)
Use as subject
Eg: To smoke is bad for you
Use as subject (more common)
Eg: smoking is bad for you.
To say why we do things
(purpose)
Eg: I got up early to catch the 7am train.
After prepositions (on, in, before, for, without, after…etc.)
Eg: you can’t live without eating
Eg: Thank you for listening.
3. After some verbs (eg: expect, afford, want, need, prepare, refuse, choose, fail, learn, promise, hesitate...etc)
Eg: I expect to pass the exams.
3. After some verbs (eg: dislike, enjoy, practise, mind, avoid, consider, discuss, finish, keep, miss, suggest, keep, can’t help…etc)
Eg: I’ll finish studying in June.

32. Summary table for to-infinitive and gerund
Gerund (-ing forms)
4. After some adjectives and nouns.(adj=easy, happy, glad, nice, excited, ready, difficult, dangerous ...etc; noun = work, money to spend, something to drink, different ways to protect her.…etc)
Eg: She is ready to leave. (adj)
Eg: I am glad to see you. (adj)
Eg: I’ve got work to do. (n)
After phrasal verbs
Eg: I am not good at dancing.
Eg: I am not interested in singing.
Eg: John will give up smoking.
5. Some verbs can be followed by either gerund or to-infinitive
Eg: I love going to school/
I love to go to school
5. eg: begin, continue, hate, love, start…etc.

33. Summary table for to-infinitive and gerund
Gerund (-ing forms)
6. used in general sense (eg: love, like, hate, prefer..etc)
Eg: I like swimming.
Used in particular situations
Eg: I don’t like swimming on cold days.
No + gerund
Eg: No money, no talking.
* Some words can use both to-infinitive and gerund with the same meaning. (eg: love, like, begin, start, intend, continue..etc)
Stop + gerund.
Eg: stop talking, stop writing, stop walking…etc.
* Some words can use both to-infinitive and gerund with different meaning. (Eg: remember, try..etc)