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Phylum: Porifera Sponges
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Characteristics Simplest animals Multicellular
No organs, tissues, or body systems Asymmetry (some radial symmetry) Sessile Mostly Marine Home for many organisms
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Shape/Size Thin flat crust, vase-shaped, branched, or irregular
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Colors Yellow, orange, green, purple
Their color fades quickly when removed from water
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Anatomy Osculum – opening at the top where water exits
Spongocoel – large chamber Ostia – pores for incoming water Pinacocytes: located on the epidermis; regulate the size of the ostia Spicules – skeleton, support and protect Holdfast- base where sponge attaches to rock or surface
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Anatomy Choanocytes (collar cells) – flagellated collar cells lining the inside canals, maintain current of water, they trap and phagocytize food particles Mesoglea– gelatinous “connective tissue” layer between cells Amoebocyte – transports nutrition from cell to cell
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Spicules
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Three Classes of Sponges
Class Calcarea spicules of calcium carbonate Class Hexactinellida spicules of silica fused in a continuous and often very beautiful latticework Class Demospongiae the largest class, which has unfused silica spicules, OR a tough, keratin-like protein called spongin, OR a combination of the two
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Calcarea
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Hexactinellida
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Demospongiae
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The Three Main Types of Organization Asconoid Sponge: Simple Sponges
Most Simple Sponge Example: Leucosolenia
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Sychonoid Sponge Highly folded into incurrent canals Ex: Scypha
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Leuconoid Sponge Most complex Large size
Incurrent and excurrent canals Ex: Bath Sponge
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Obtaining food and Digestion
Filter Feeders: trap microorganisms (plankton and bacteria) Choanocyte collar collects food with fingerlike microvili (cillia) and flagella Cellular Digestion: Food particles will be broken down by choanocytes and move onto Amoebocyte where the nutrients will be transported
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Reproduction Sexually
Hermaphroditic – both male and female sexes are in one body Ova are fertilized by motile sperm (sperm arise from choanocytes) Zygotes develop into flagellated larva
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Asexual: Budding/fragmentation – external buds of tissue drop off of parent
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Asexual: Regeneration of body parts
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Asexual: Gemmules – internal buds (dormant), masses of cells that are encapsulated and surviv3 periods of harsh conditions (i.e. winter)
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Locomotion Adult is sessile Larva are flagellated
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Sponge Industry Mediterranean, Gulf of Mexico
Brought up by divers or dredges Living cells are allowed to decay, they are cleaned, dried, and marketed.
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