1. Chapter 32: Struggles for Change
United States History
Chapter 32:
Struggles for Change

2. The Women’s Movement
One of the most influential people in the fight for women’s rights was Betty Friedan
The Feminine Mystique
Concluded that women were unhappy with their lives as homemakers and mothers
Many sought jobs outside the home, even before Friedan’s book
Women still earned less than men, even for the same jobs
JFK signed the Equal Pay Act in 1963
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act protected women from discrimination in employment
Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to ensure enforcement

3. Gaining Ground The National Organization for Women (NOW)
Formed in 1966
Lobbied the government for women’s rights
Gloria Steinem
Helped to form the National Women’s Political Caucus that encouraged women to run for office
Founder of Ms. Magazine, created as an outlet for the liberation of women
The government responded in several ways
Education Amendment Act (1972) outlawed discrimination in education
Title IX: required colleges to offer sports for women in a fair manner
Roe v. Wade (1973): overturned laws that prevented abortions
Equal Rights Amendment: gained momentum throughout the 1960s and 1970s, but was dead in 1982

4. The chicano movement Hispanics also fought for their rights
Movement began with Mexican American farm workers
Led by Cesar Chavez, a migrant farm worker
Workers of the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) fought for better wages in the grape industry, striking for over 5 years
Eventually signed contracts to go back to work, but formed the United Farm Workers in the process
Movement led to a broader Mexican American rights movement, even thought the UFW was not an exclusive Mexican American union

5. The Chicano Movement
Many people fought for the rights in regards to lands they had lost over the years
Reies Lopez Tijerina led the Alianza Federal de Mercedes (Federal Alliance of Land Grants) in NM
Fought to regain land that had been taken away from Mexican Americas
Violence and arrests plagued the movement and in the end, they did not win, but it inspired a new activist generation of Mexican Americans
Educational reform was also a popular issue
Students in LA in 1968 took to the streets demanding better schools and opportunities
Included members of the Brown Berets, a group similar to the Black Panthers

6. Chicano Nationalism
Other activists stood up for rights outside of farm workers, education and land grants
Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales led the Crusade for Justice
Promoted Mexican American nationalism and separatism
Jose Angel Gutierrez formed the Mexican American Youth Organization in 1967 (MAYO)
Worked in his state of Texas for educational equality
Also helped found La Raza Unida Party in 1972
La Raza Unida Party was a Chicano political party
Won some victories in Texas, but nationally was limited in power
Eventually dissolved in the late 1970s

7. Native American Nationalism
Red Power was formed in the 1960s to fight for rights of Native Americans
Called for rights to govern their own communities
Demanded payment for lost lands
Occupied Alcatraz Island near SF, CA in 1969 in protest
American Indian Movement (AIM) in 1968
Called for renewal of Native culture and recognition of rights
Occupied a trading post in Wounded Knee, SD in 1972, demanding that the government negotiate with them over broken treaties
After two activists were killed, the government agreed to negotiate
The movement helped many tribes regain lands and address the problems that plague many

8. Other Groups Struggles…
People with disabilities, children and the elderly fought for their rights
Many laws passed to address peoples’ rights
Rehabilitation Act: eliminated discrimination based on disability
Education for All Handicapped Children Act: must provide education to all, regardless of disability
Children’s Defense Fund: funded to help provide children with basic means
Older Americans Act: provide elderly with basic means
American Association for Retired Persons (AARP) and the Gray Panthers: fights for the rights of the elderly

9. The Counterculture
The youth of the 1960s rejected many of the ideals of the older generation, creating a massive generation gap
College campuses were the scene of countless protests to the establishment
Out of the protest and generation gap came the hippies, hoping to create a new alternative lifestyle, contrary to the norm
Open to many “obscene” activities, like public nudity, profanity, drug use, and multiple sexual partners
Many lived on communes, where people worked together to survive
Hippie fashion became popular
Men had long hair and beards
Tie dye, jeans and beads
Many blacks wore afros

10. Hippies

11. The CounterCulture
Religion began to lose influence, but many became interested in Eastern religions, like Zen Buddism
Art began to appeal to a wider audience
Became known as pop art
Andy Warhol used everyday things to create psychedelic pieces
The movie rating system we know today was born, giving the movie industry the power to rate

12. 1960s pop art

13. Sounds of the 1960s Music was a large part of 1960s culture Rock music
Influenced heavily by British artists like the Beatles and Rolling Stones
Other artists like Jimi Hendrix plugged in guitars to play distorted, very loud musci
Folk music
People like Bob Dylan revitalized folk music, eventually combining it with rock
Motown and Soul
Resurgence of black musicians in the form of R & B and soul music
Woodstock
Huge festival in upstate NY in August 1969
3 days with over 400,000 people and dozens of bands
Very peaceful even though food and water were short
Led to the Rolling Stones playing a free show later in the year near SF, CA, but turned bloody when the Hells Angels stabbed a concert goer at the show