2. Waves Waves transfer ENERGY. Wave speed can be calculated from Speed = distance / time. Radio and TV waves travel at the speed of light through air : 3.0 x 10 8 ms -1

3. Speed of sound through air Measure the time the sound takes to travel a measured distance. TSA AB 1 m Clap at microphone 1, this starts the timer. The sound travels through the air to microphone 2 and stops the timer. Use speed = distance / time.

4. Wave Terms Wavelength, λ, is the distance between identical points on adjacent waves Frequency, f, No of waves that pass a point in 1 second. Units : Hertz, Hz. Period, T, Time for 1 wave to pass. Units, seconds, s. T =- 1 / f Amplitude,a, Height of wave from centre to crest. Measure of energy transferred. Units, metres, m.

5. Transverse Wave This is a transverse wave, The particles vibrate at 90 0 to the direction of energy transfer. Water waves Light Waves λ a

6. Longitudinal Wave Particles vibrate in the same direction as energy transfer. Sound Waves

7. Wave Equations v = f. λ Speed = frequency x wavelength d = v. t Distance = speed x time

8. Calculate how long it takes sound traveling at 340 m s -1 to travel from Dunfermline to Falkirk, 30 km away. v = 340 m s -1 d = 30 km = 30000 m t= ? d= v x t t = d / v = 30000 / 340 = 88.2 s

9. Radio 1 transmits on a frequency of 96.8 MHz. Calculate the signal wavelength. v = 3.0 x10 8 ms -1 f = 96.8 x10 6 Hz λ = ? v = f x λ 3.0 x10 8 = 96.8 x10 6 x λ λ = 3.1 m

10. Reflection All waves can be reflected normal

11. Principle of reversibility If the ray travels in along the path of the reflected ray it comes out along the path of the incident ray.

12. Curved Reflectors The signal is collected over a large are and reflected to a focus. The aerial is situated at the focus. E.g satellite receivers for SKY TV.

13. Curved Reflectors 2 If a bulb is placed at the focus of a curved reflector the light that is reflected of the reflector is focussed into a parallel beam. Satellites use reflectors to direct the signals to specific parts of the country.

14. Total Internal Reflection When the angle of incidence is greater than a critical angle,θ c, the light is totally internally reflected. Note at θ c the angle of reflection is 90 0

15. Total Internal Reflection 2 Light travels down fibre optic cables via total internal reflection,

16. Fibre Optic sytems At phone, E s to E e in microphone E e to E l in laser Light signal transmitted down fibre optic cables E l to E e at photodiode E e to E s at loudspeaker

17. Total Internal Reflection Diamonds sparkle because the light is totally internally reflected lots of times before passing out into the air again.

18. Refraction The change of speed when light travels from one medium to another. Light slows down when it enters a material from air.

19. Refraction 2 If the light goes in at an angle other than 90 0 it changes direction. Slows down, bends towards the normal. Speeds up bends away from the normal.

20. Converging Lens ( Convex ) Parallel rays of light are brought to a focus

21. Diverging or Concave Lens Parallel ray so flight are diverged

22. Short sight Close up objects are in focus but distant objects are blurred A concave lens is placed in front of eye. Parallel rays from distant object

23. Long Sight Distant objects are in focus but close up objects are blurred. A convex lens is placed in front of the eye Diverging rays from close up object

24. Power and Focal Length Power = 1/ focal length Dioptres, D, Metres, m

25. Ray Diagrams Object greater than two focal lengths. E.g. image formed on retina of eye. Image is laterally inverted, diminished and upside down

26. Ray Diagrams 2 Object between 1 and 2 focal lengths e.g. image formed on cinema screen. Image is laterally inverted, upside down and magnified

27. Ray Diagrams 3 Object closer than focal length i.e. magnifying glass. Image is upright and magnified,it is a virtual image.

28. Diffraction This is the ‘bending of waves as they pass an obstacle or pass through a gap. The greater the wavelength the greater the amount of diffraction. Low frequency ( big wavelength )radio signals can be picked up in hilly areas yet high frequency( small wavelength ) TV signals cannot diffract into the valleys.

29. Diffraction 2 A BBig wavelength :a large amount of diffraction Big wavelength :a large amount of diffraction

30. Diffraction 3 B SmSmall wavelength :a small amount of diffraction small wavelength :a small amount of diffraction

31. Small wavelengthall wavV Small wavelength wav eslength BIG wavelength wavelengthRadio waves TV waves not received V waves not received Radio waves Receivedrecei vedio waves received OK

32. 05/10/2015 08:1331 Sound is a form of. It travels by which need a MEDIUM or substance to move through. It CANNOT travel through a Sound travels via a transverse wave. Sound levels are measured in decibels (dB). Sound ENERGY WAVES VACUUM.

33. 05/10/2015 08:1332 Sound Stethoscope This is an instrument used to “listen” to sounds inside our bodies. Earpieces Open Bell Closed Bell Rubber Tube

34. 05/10/2015 08:1333 UltraSound Ultrasound This is sound with a frequency higher than the limit of human hearing, ie above 20kHz (20 000Hz). It has two main uses in medicine ~

35. 05/10/2015 08:1334 Sound Ultrasound Imaging A transmitter sends high frequency sound waves into the patient. The waves reflect from different types of tissues and are detected by a receiver as they come back out. The data is processed by a computer and the “ultrasound image” is displayed. It is a useful method for looking at unborn babies in their mothers womb as it has no known side effects.

36. 05/10/2015 08:1335 UltraSound Ultrasound Image of Unborn Baby

37. 05/10/2015 08:1336 UltraSound Breaking Up Kidney Stones High energy ultrasound is directed very accurately at kidney stones (hard material “stuck” inside a patients kidney ~ forms into a small stone). The ultrasound vibrations cause the stones to break up into dust and they pass out of the body by normal means. This means no need for open surgery.

38. 05/10/2015 08:1337 Sound ; Pollution Noise Pollution Our “hearing” is very sensitive and can easily be permanently damaged by excessive noise. Noise pollution is simply “excessive noise” and can come from factories, building sites, heavy motor vehicles (tractors, JCB’s), aircraft etc. Sometimes we endanger our own hearing by using MP3 players, going to rock concerts and discos.

39. 05/10/2015 08:1338 Sound ; Pollution Decibel Level (dB) Sound Source 120 110 90 - 100 80 Danger level 70 60 40 20 0 Threshold of Hearing Whisper Morning Bird Song Normal Conversation Living Room “music” Vacuum Cleaner Passing JCB Rock Band Jet on take off