1. CHEM 400A Applications of Chemistry Dave Berg Elliott 314 djberg@uvic.ca

2. WORLD DRUG SALES (JUL 07-JUN 08) 710 Billion US$ (up 4% last year; 18% since 2006) USA288B$41% (share of world) Japan649 France436 Germany406 Italy254 UK243 Spain223 CANADA192.7 (+6% last 12 mo.) China172.4 (+28%) Brazil121.7 (+10%) Top 1055378%

3. THERAPIES 2006 US$B% Cholesterol & fat reducers32.75.6 (+4%) Antiulcerants27.64.7 Antidepressants20.33.5 Antipsychotics17.23.0 (+10%) NSAIDS11.42.1 (-15%) Ca antagonists (BP)12.12.1 Erythropoietin13.12.2 Antiepileptics12.12.1 Oral antidiabetics11.42.0 Anticancer13.52.3 (+40%) Platelet inhibitors 10.31.8 (+9%) Top 1017029

4. DRUGS (08 Jun) LipitorPfizerCholesterol13.8B$ (-2%) PlavixBMS/Sanofi-Aventis8.3(+33%) (Platelet aggregation inhibitor – atherosclerosis) NexiumAstraZenicaUlcers7.7 (+8%) AdvairGlaxoSmithKlineAsthma7.5 (+7%) EnbrelAmgenRheumatoid arthritis5.6 (+12%) Seroquel AstraZenecaBipolar disorder5.1 (+18%) ZyprexaLillySchizophrenia5.1 (-1%) Risperdal JohnsonSchizophrenia5.0 (+8%) Remicade CentocorCrohn’s disease, arthritis4.7 (+16%) Singulair MerckAsthma, allergies4.6 (+9%) Top 10 drugs59 NorvascPfizerBP, angina5.0 in 2006 ZoloftPfizerDepression3.6 in 2006 Effexor Wyerth Depression 3.8 in 2006

5. ANTACIDS Stomach secretes 1.5-3 L/day of hydrochloric acid Normal pH = 0.9-1.5 Coffee, alcohol, spices smoking, obesity, stress all seem to promote acid production TOO much acid, pH goes too low = pain holes in lining = ulcers = pain weak valve between stomach/esophagus = acid in throat = pain

6. Need to neutralize acid, so add a base H + + HO - H 2 O pH < 10 to avoid burning throat so cannot use NaOH (!) [pH to high, too alkaline] Mg(OH) 2 pH 9-10 OK Milk of Magnesia Laxative (Magnesium hydroxide) Al(OH) 3 also OK, Aludrox, Constipator (Aluminum hydroxide) Mg(OH) 2 + Al(OH) 3 = MAALOX, MYLANTA, DIGEL,........ laxative ~ constipator = zero

7. Bases are not restricted to hydroxides, a salt of any WEAK acid will also do: eg. a carbonate CO 3 2- Na 2 CO 3 again sodium carbonate, washing soda is too alkaline but calcium carbonate (chalk or limestone) is less basic 2HCl + CaCO 3 → CaCl 2 + H 2 CO 3 → H 2 O + CO 2 TUMS are CaCO 3 too much calcium is hard on the kidneys + acid rebound so less than 2-3 g/day is recommended

8. ROLAIDS = CaCO 3 + some Mg(OH) 2 they used to be NaAl(OH) 2 CO 3 but changed in 1989 because of ‘trend to Ca supplements’ and because for a while there was concern about a possible Alzheimer’s – Aluminum link. BICARBONATES can also be used Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO 3 baking soda, cheap, easy access (fridges) OK for occasional use, but raises pH of blood, and too much sodium is not a good idea for high bp (obese) H + + (HCO 3 ) - → H 2 O + CO 2 2H + + (CO 3 ) 2- → H 2 O + CO 2 FIZZ, GAS!

9. ‘Milk shaking’ racehorses: Give NaHCO 3 prior to a race: neutralizes build-up of lactic acid in muscles Horses do not tire as badly during race but serious injuries can occur from over-exertion

10. Also used in “fizzy” types, eg. ALKA SELTZER In glass: NaHCO 3 + citric acid + water → fizz (CO 2 ) + sodium citrate In stomach: sodium citrate + HCl → NaCl + citric acid base + strong acid → salt + weak acid pH 0 pH 2 pain relief citric acid is in lemon juice tartaric acid in grape juice

11. SILICATESSilicon and carbon both have valency = 4 so CO 2 and SiO 2 (sand, silica) like carbonic acid, silicic acids are weak so silicates can neutralize acids: MgCO 3 + 2 HCl → MgCl 2 + H 2 O + CO 2 (fizz) Mg(Si 3 O 8 ) + 2 HCl → MgCl 2 + H 2 O + 3 SiO 2 (sand) sand particles help break gas, too much hard on kidneys Dimethicone = polymer –[Si(CH 3 ) 2 -O-] n breaks gas (same polymer as ‘silicone’ grease)