1. Wood1.1 Credits lightning ©istockphoto.com/Soubrette
background texture
©istockphoto.com/Hedda Gjerpen
person rock climbing
©istockphoto.com/Greg Epperson
Wood1.1

2. Topics 17.1 Biopsychology of Emotion: Introduction 17.2
Fear, Defense, and Aggression
17.3
Neural Mechanisms of Fear Conditioning
17.4
Stress and Health
17.5
Brain Mechanisms of Human Emotion
Credits
lightning
©istockphoto.com/Soubrette
background texture
©istockphoto.com/Hedda Gjerpen
Wood1.

3. Biopsychology of Emotion: Introduction
Phineus Gage
Why would a tamping iron through the skull lead to dramatic changes in personality?
Damage to the medical prefrontal lobes
Site of planning and emotion
Credit
book
©istockphoto.com/Carmen Martínez Banús 3

4. Darwin’s Theory of the Evolution of Emotional Expression
Expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next
If emotional signals are beneficial, they will evolve to more effectively communicate and may lose their original meaning
Opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements – “principle of antithesis”
Threat displays, for example, are beneficial – intimidate victims without the costs and risks for fighting
Wade6.52

5. BOTH ARE WRONG Theories of Emotion James-Lange
Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal response which triggers emotion
Autonomic/skeletal response necessary for emotion
Cannon-Bard
Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal response and emotion
Autonomic/skeletal response independent of emotion
BOTH ARE WRONG
L8.13

6. Theories of Emotion
FIGURE 17.3: Four ways of thinking about the relations among the perception of emotion-inducing stimuli, the autonomic and somatic responses to the stimuli, and the emotional experience.
L8.13

7. Sham Rage
Decorticated cats exhibit extreme and unfocused aggressive responses
Hypothalamus must be intact
Perhaps hypothalamus is needed for expression of aggression and cortex serves to inhibit and direct responses

8. Limbic System and Emotion
Papez proposed an emotional circuit (limbic system) that includes the hypothalamus

9. Kluver-Bucy Syndrome Rare cerebral neurological disorder
Major symptoms – urge to put objects into mouth, memory loss, extreme sexual behavior, placidity, visual distractibility
Results from bilateral damage to anterior temporal lobes
First seen in monkeys, then other species (including humans)
Credits
brain
©istockphoto.com/Stephen Kirklys
neuron
©istockphoto.com/ktsimage
Wood1. 9

10. motion and the Automatic Nervous System (ANS)
Two important questions
Which patterns of ANS activity are associated with specific emotions?
Are ANS measures effective on polygraph (“lie detector”)?
There is not a separate ANS profile for each emotion
L11.4

11. Polygraphy Lie detection is really emotion detection
Control-question technique
Physiological response to a target question compared with response to control question
Success rate in studies is about 80%
Guilty knowledge technique
Merely ask a question that only the culprit would know the answer to
Success rate in distinguishing guilty vs. innocent is 88% in one study
Wade6.25

12. Emotions and Facial Expressions
The meanings of facial expressions appear to be universal
Six primary emotions
Naturally occurring expressions are usually variations or combinations of the basic ones
Facial feedback hypothesis – smiling makes you happier; facial muscles influence emotional experience
Microexpressions – brief facial expressions reveal true feelings; may break through false ones
Different muscles involved in fake and real smiles
L11.5

13. Fear, Defense, and Aggression
Fear – emotional reaction to threat
Aggressive behaviors – designed to threaten or harm
Defensive behaviors – designed to protect from threat or harm (motivated by fear)
Social aggression – unprovoked attacks on members of one’s own species to establish dominance
Defensive attack – aggressive behavior, as when cornered
Credits
barking dog
©iStockphoto.com/Yuriy Zelenenkyy
little dog
©iStockphoto.com/Eric Isselée
heartbeat animation
Derek Borman
one person silhouette

14. Types of Aggressive and Defensive Behaviors
Colony-intruder model of aggression and defense in rats
Study interaction between alpha male of an established colony with a small male intruder
Observation of cats and mice
Cat “play” with prey is actually a combination of attack and defense behaviors
Target-site concept – aggressive behaviors designed to attack specific sites on body, defensive to protect specific sites
L13.20

15. Aggression and Testosterone (T)
Nonprimates – T release around birth of male rats prepares them for T-activated social aggression at maturity
T increases or has no effect on social aggression, depending on species; castration decreases or has no effect on social aggression in same species
In humans, social aggression does not increase along with higher T levels at puberty
Social aggression in humans
Does not decrease with castration or increase with testosterone injections
Violent criminals and aggressive male athletes may have high testosterone levels, but may be result (not cause) of aggressive behavior
Possible sources of discrepancies in human studies
Measured blood testosterone level; should measure brain- part testosterone levels
Failure of researchers to distinguish between social aggression (testosterone-related, for establishing dominance) and defensive aggression (e.g., when cornered)
L13.19

16. Neural Mechanisms of Fear Conditioning
Pair a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) with an aversive stimulus (e.g., a shock)
Present the tone later and the animal will show a conditioned fear response
Usually a defensive behavior
Credits
brain
©istockphoto.com/Stephen Kirklys
neuron
©istockphoto.com/ktsimage
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17. Amygdala and Fear Conditioning
Lesions of the amygdala block fear conditioning
The amygdala receives input from all sensory systems
Appears to be responsible for adding emotional significance to another stimulus
Amygdala projects to brainstem regions that control emotional behavior output

18. Contextual Fear Conditioning and the Hippocampus
Pair an aversive stimulus with the context instead of with a discrete stimulus
Hippocampus is linked to spatial memory
Effect of bilateral hippocampal lesions on contextual fear conditioning
Before training – prevents conditioning
Shortly after training – blocks retention of conditioning
Wade3.38

19. Amygdala Complex and Fear Conditioning
Current synthesis of findings indicates that the lateral amygdala is most critical in conditioned
fear 1 3 2
The hippocampus mediates
conditioned fear learning by
informing the lateral amyg-
dala about the context of the fear-related event
In addition, conditioned fear is suppressed by the prefrontal cortex inhibiting the lateral amygdala
L3.48

20. Stress and Health Stress – reaction to harm or threat
Stressors – stimuli that cause stress
Chronic psychological stress – most clearly linked to ill health
In the short-term, stress is adaptive; in the long-term, it is maladaptive
L1.14

21. The Stress Response
Stress triggers stress hormone: anterior-pituitary adrenal-cortex system (glucocorticoids, epinephrine, and norepinephrine) and cytokines (causing inflammation and fever)
Selye neglected sympathetic nervous system
Individual differences, such as attitude, affect the magnitude of the stress response
Example: women awaiting surgery who were “certain” they did not have breast cancer had milder stress than others

22. Animal Models of Stress
Some early models used levels of stress that might not have a human equivalent
Some more recent models use social stresses
For example, subordination stress
L1.20

23. Psychosomatic Disorders: The Case of Gastric Ulcers
Gastric ulcers – lesions of stomach lining and duodenum
More common in those who are stressed; readily created in the animal lab
Ulcers are caused by a bacteria – stress appears to make the body vulnerable to this bacteria
75% of healthy subjects have the bacteria
L12.31

24. Psychoneuroimmunology
The study of the interaction of psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system
L11.42

25. Divisions of the mammalian immune system
Innate immune system
First line of defense
Attacks generic classes of pathogens
Adaptive immune system
Targets specific pathogens identified by their antigens
Has memory (the basis of effectiveness of vaccination)
Cytokines activate lymphocytes (white blood cells)
L12.21

26. Two Adaptive Barriers to Infection

27. How Does Stress Influence Immune Function?
Effects of stress on immune function depends on the kind of stress
Acute stressors improve immune function
Chronic stressors impair immune function
Many ways that stress can impact immune function
Effects of stress can be good (adaptive and healthful), bad, or mixed
L12.14

28. Early Experience of Stress
Stress of mistreatment early in life may cause brain and endocrine abnormalities later in life
Rat pups handled by researchers had more adaptive stress response in adulthood (less circulating glucocorticoids following stress), probably due to less negative feedback from hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors
A good example of epigenetic (“not of the genes”) transmission: fearful, poor-grooming mothers raise daughters who become fearful, poor-grooming mothers
Credit
hand holding rat
©iStockphoto.com/sidsnapper

29. Stress and the Hippocampus
Hippocampus has many glucocorticoid receptors
Following stress:
Dendrites of pyramidal cells are shorter and less branched
Adult neurogenesis of granule cells reduced
Effects blocked with adrenalectomy; produced with corticosteroids
Wood1.
Credit
brain
©istockphoto.com/Stephen Kirklys

30. Brain Mechanisms of Human Emotion: Cognitive Neuroscience
Three main points have advanced the understanding of brain mechanisms of emotion:
Brain activity associated with each human emotion is diffuse
There is usually motor and sensory regional activity along with an emotional response
Brain activity for experienced, imagined, or observed emotion is similar
Credit
person thinking
©istockphoto.com/akurtz

31. Amygdala in Human Emotion
Early theories of emotion were general theories (e.g., limbic system theory – limbic system plays a role in all emotions)
Recent discoveries:
From brain imaging, amygdala activity is correlated with fear (especially social fear) and certain other negative emotions
Urbach-Wiethe disease (calcification of amygdala) causes loss of facial expression and loss of recognition of fear
Wade3.20

32. Medial Prefrontal Lobes and Human Emotion
Includes medial portions of the orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate cortex
Site of emotion-cognitive interaction, especially cognitive suppression of emotional reactions
Possible roles in comparison of outcome and expectancy, guiding behavior based on recent experience, response to social rejection
L13.5

33. Lateralization of Emotion
Two theories:
Right-hemisphere model – the right hemisphere is dominant for all aspects of emotion
Valence model – the right hemisphere specializes in negative emotions
Both theories are probably too general
Strong evidence for lateralization for particular structures and emotions
Males may be more lateralized than females
L8.13

34. Individual Differences in the Neural Mechanisms of Emotion
Most (but not all) of nine patients with bilateral amygdalar lesions had difficulty recognizing fear in facial expressions (Adolphs and colleagues, 2003)
Personality differences: both high extraversion and high neuroticism healthy subjects showed higher amygdalar activity while viewing fearful faces; only extraverts showed higher amygdalar activity while viewing happy faces (Canli and colleagues, 2002)
L11.5

35. Watch: Gender Differences in Stress Vulnerability
Watch: Can Yoga or Meditation Help You Relax?
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36. Acknowledgments Slide Image Description Image Source template
lightning
©istockphoto.com/Soubrette
background texture
©istockphoto.com/Hedda Gjerpen
Ch17 image
Fear white knuckles
©istockphoto.com/Donald Macalister 3
book
©istockphoto.com/Carmen Martínez Banús 4
Man's head
©istockphoto.com/Nicolas Hansen
5, 33
left profile talking
©istockphoto.com/Digital Savant LLC
right profile talking
©istockphoto.com/See Hear Media, Inc. 6
Figure 17.3
Pinel 8e, p. 445
7, 18, 29
brain
©istockphoto.com/Stephen Kirklys 8
Figure 17.4
Pinel 8e, p. 446
9, 16
neuron
©istockphoto.com/ktsimage 10
person holding up baby
©istockphoto.com/Barbara Sauder 11
head - woman
©istockphoto.com/Angel Herrero de Frutos
12, 34
variety of facial expressions
©istockphoto.com/ZoneCreative 13
barking dog
©iStockphoto.com/Yuriy Zelenenkyy 14
silhouettes - hate fighting
TrapdoorMedia 15
punch through wall
©istockphoto.com/Sami Suni 17
Figure 17.9
Pinel 8e, p. 453 20
person reading books
©iStockphoto.com/Francesco Ridolfi 21
Figure 17.10
Pinel 8e, p. 455 22
white rat
©iStockphoto.com/Elena Butinova

37. Acknowledgments Slide Image Description Image Source 22
blue sky & clouds
©istockphoto.com/kertlis 23
medical clipboard
©istockphoto.com/Anastasia Pelikh 24
tabletop of stationery
©istockphoto.com/Stuart Burford 25
laughing
©istockphoto.com/Stratesigns, Inc. 26
Figure 17.2
Pinel 8e, p. 458 27
college age person coughing
©istockphoto.com/Sharon Barnes Photography 28
hand holding rat
©iStockphoto.com/sidsnapper 30
person thinking
©istockphoto.com/akurtz 31
toddler listening to adult speak
©istockphoto.com/Jani Bryson Studios, Inc. 32
crowd
©istockphoto.com/adisa 35
laptop
©istockphoto.com/CostinT
table and wall
©istockphoto.com/David Clark