1. PATTERNS OF PARENTAL AUTHORITY
PERMISSIVE PARENTS
Low level of control and discipline
Low level of maturity demands
High level of parent-child communication
High level of nurturance and warmth
AUTHORITARIAN PARENTS
High level of control and discipline
High level of maturity demands
Low level of parent-child communication
Low level of nurturance and warmth
AUTHORITATIVE PARENTS

2. The Coercive Cycle INEPT DISCIPLINE (Power-assertive techniques,
inconsistent discipline,
negative and positive re-inforcement for aggression,
modeling of aggression)
CHILD COERCION
(Whining, teasing,
yelling, physical assaults)
ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR
(Violence in home
and school)

3. 4 3
Hours of TV per Day 2 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Age in Years

4. Styles of Parental Regulation and Children's Television Viewing
Style of
Supervision
Degree of
Regulation
Degree of Encouragement
Hours of TV
Viewed per Week
Laissez-faire
Restrictive
Promotive
Selective
Low
High
Low
High
17.6
11.9
21.2
19.2

5. Concerns About the Effects of TV on Children
Amount of time spent watching
Effects of commercials
Effects of violence

6. COGNITIVE LEVELS OF PLAY
FUNCTIONAL PLAY: Simple repeated movements with a focus on the child’s own body
CONSTRUCTIVE PLAY: Manipulation of physical objects in order to build or construct something.
DRAMATIC OR MAKE-BELIEVE PLAY: Pretending to be someone or something else
GAMES WITH RULES: Relatively formal activities governed by rules

7. SOCIAL LEVELS OF PLAY
UNOCCUPIED: Child's activities seem to have no clear purpose or goals
SOLITARY: Child plays alone
ONLOOKER: Child watches other children play
PARALLEL: Children play near each other engages in similar activities but without significant interaction
ASSOCIATIVE: Children play together and interact in a common activity but with separate goals
COOPERATIVE: Children consciously play together to accomplish a common goal

8. ASPECTS OF GENDER DEVELOPMENT
GENDER: The behavior and attitudes associated with being male or female
GENDER IDENTITY: A person’s beliefs about which sex he or she is and will always be
GENDER PREFERENCE: A person’s attitudes about which sex he or she wishes to be
GENDER CONSTANCY: The belief that a person’s sex is biologically determined and permanent

9. Steps in Gender Development
XX or XY
Chromosomes
Ovaries or Testes
Female of Male Genitals
Brain
Development
Child's Reaction
Social Reaction
to Child
Hormones
(estrogen, progesterone,
androgen, testosterone)
at Puberty
Basic Gender
Identity
Models
Sexual urges and
Self-Concept
Adult
Gender Identity 7

10. Male Characteristics
Independent
Aggressive
Acts as leader
Self-confident
Dominant
Active
Ambitious
Outspoken
Adventurous
Competitive
Likes math and science
Takes a stand
Makes decisions easily
Skilled in business
Female Characteristics
Emotional
Grateful
Kind
Creative
Gentle
Understanding
Aware of others' feelings
Enjoys art and music
Tactful
Considerate
Home oriented
Cries Easily
Devotes self to others
Strong conscience

11. TYPES OF CHILD ABUSE PHYSICAL ABUSE SEXUAL ABUSE PHYSICAL NEGLECT
EMOTIONAL NEGLECT
PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE
Painful, physically damaging assault
Sexual molestation or exploitation
Insufficient provision of food, shelter, clothing, medical care
Failure to provide basic nurturance and emotional support required for normal development
Actions that damage a child's emotional, social, or intellectual functioning

12. Some Causes of Child Abuse
Parents were abused as children.
Unrealistic expectations of children.
Lack of effective parenting techniques.
“Difficult” children (demanding, hyperactive, mentally retarded, etc.)
Social isolation; parents lack a support system.
We live in a violent society.