1. CHAPTER 4: ADOLESCENCE
Teenagers! Gross.

2. PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
All adolescents experience dramatic changes in their physical size, shape, and capacities, as well as biological development related to reproduction
PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

3. INITIATION RITES
In our society, adolescence is a time of preparation for adulthood
There are many initiation rites
Def: ceremonies or rituals in which an individual is admitted to new status or accepted into a new position
So much put into adolescence put the focus of numerous theorists onto adolescence

4. THEORIES OF ADOLESCENCE
G. Stanley Hall---adolescence is like being a caged animal---a period of storm and stress
Margaret Mead---storm and stress is a byproduct of industrialized societies--- culture plays a role in development
Robert Havighurst---every adolescent faces challenges in form of developmental tasks that must be mastered

5. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
PUBERTY: sexual maturation; the end of childhood and the point when reproduction is first possible
Triggered by hormones
Some girls start at 8; some boys as early as 9
On avg: Girls—8-10; boys
Begins with a growth spurt (rapid increase in height and weight)
Girls: 10-14; boys: 11-16
Usually lasts 2 years

6. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Females
Girls: breasts, hips, and pubic hair develop
Menarche: first menstrual period
Usually between 12 and 13
Another months before they become regular and conception is possible

7. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT MALES
C. 12: pubic hair and larger genitals
Spermarche: period during which males achieve first ejaculation
Growth spurt lasts 3 years longer than females
Acquire more muscle tissue and larger lungs and heart
Body hair
Both sexes can experience Asynchrony: condition in which the growth or maturation of bodily parts is uneven

8. REACTIONS TO GROWTH Can become self-conscious
Conform to ideals of how males and females their age should act, dress, and look
Early male maturing: more self- confident and independent
Late male maturing: withdrawn, rebellious
Early female maturing: awkward at first, become bossy, more favorable self-image
Late female maturing: friendly with peers

9. SEXUAL ATTITUDES Varies based on society
Some shelter children, some are open
Sexually transmitted diseases affect views on sex
Some choose abstinence

10. SECTION 2: PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
The transition from childhood to adulthood involves changes in patterns of reasoning and moral thinking, as well as the development of one’s identity…
SECTION 2: PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

11. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s formal operations
Thinking becomes more abstract
Understand principles of hypotheticals and ability to deal with analogies and metaphors
Rationalization: a process by which an individual seeks to explain an often unpleasant emotion or behavior in a way that will preserve his/her self- esteem
Change in thinking brings changes in personality

12. PERSONALITY CHANGES Dr. David Elkind
Problems that result from immaturity and abstract thought:
1) Finding fault with authority figures
2) Argumentativeness
3) Indecisiveness
4) Apparent hypocrisy: have difficulty understanding an ideal and living up to it
5) Self-consciousness
6) Invulnerability and “messiah complex”

13. ERIKSON’S THEORY OF THE IDENTITY CRISIS
Erik Erikson
Identity Crisis: a period of inner conflict during which adolescents worry intensely about who they are
Contributing factors: psychological changes, cog development, and awakening sexual desires
Conflict mostly from intense desire to be unique coupled with desire to fit in
Role confusion is normal

14. JAMES MARCIA’S IDENTITY CRISIS
Identified 4 attempts to achieve a sense of identity:
1) Identity moratorium adolescents: seriously considering issues; made no commitments
2) Identity foreclosure adolescents: firm commitment to issues based on suggestion of others
3) Identity confused adolescents: no serious thought to issues, no clear identity
4) Identity achievement adolescents: considered many identity options and committed to important life matters

15. SOCIAL LEARNING VIEW Proposed by Albert Bandura
Social Learning Theory: emphasizes interaction
Our development depends on other’s reactions to our behavior
Our peers also serve as models for behavior

16. SECTION 3: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Adolescents undergo many changes in their social relationships, adjusting to new relationships with parents and the influence of peers…
SECTION 3: SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

17. ROLE OF THE FAMILY
Principle adolescent task involves becoming independent of families
Parents can help or hinder
Teens long for freedom but are concerned with failing
This conflict can result in “adolescent rebellion”

18. ROLE OF PEERS
Clique: a small, exclusive group of people within a larger group
Fulfills need for belonging and helps define identity, builds self-confidence, develops sense of independence, clarifies values
Conformity: acting in accordance with some specified authority
Peers influence: fashion, music, school related issues
Parents influence: marriage, religion, educational plans
Argument exists over which group has more influence

19. TEENAGE DEPRESSION Depression in teens appears mostly as anger
They can appear frantic and intensely hyperactive
Withdrawal and rebellion are common clues
Communication is the best solution
Be attentive, be sensitive, be responsive

20. EATING DISORDERS
Anorexia nervosa: disorder characterized by a fear of gaining weight that results in prolonged self-starvation and dramatic weight loss
Miss menstrual cycles
Treatment: focus on encouraging weight gain and therapy
Bulimia nervosa: disorder characterized by compulsive overeating usually followed by self-induced vomiting or abuse of laxatives
Excessively concerned with weight and body shape
Treatment: therapy and antidepressants

21. SECTION 4: GENDER ROLES AND DIFFERENCES

22. Gender IDENTITY AND roles
Gender Identity: the sex group to which an individual biologically belongs
Identity learned around age 2-3
Gender Role: the set of behaviors that society considers appropriate for each sex
Roles give social meaning to identity

23. Gender stereotypes
Def: an oversimplified or distorted generalization about the characteristics of men and women
What society sees as masculine or feminine
New ideas in recent time
Androgynous: combining or blending traditionally male and female characteristics
Bem Sex Role Inventory
Sandra Bem argues androgyny should be a goal

24. GENDER DIFFERENCE IN PERSONALITY
Males more confident in science and math
Males are more aggressive physically
Females are more verbally aggressive
Reason: males have lower levels of serotonin
Women talk more than men
Females use more “hedges” (kind of, you know)
Females use disclaimers (I may be wrong, I’m not sure)
They use tag questions (Okay?)
Women display warmth, men display dominance
Women more sensitive to nonverbal cues

25. GENDER DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE ABILITIES
High school males tend to be better at problem solving (changing)
Males perform better on spatial ability
Women are better at tracking objects
There are very few cognitive differences

26. ORIGINS OF GENDER DIFFERENCES

27. Biological theory
Emphasizes role of anatomy, hormones, and brain organization
Gender roles come from early men and women
Certain genetic traits evolved specific to males and females

28. PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
Gender identity comes from identifying with the same sex parent
Between ages 3 and 5

29. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Emphasized the role of social and cognitive processes on how we perceive, organize, and use info
We learn gender roles through observation

30. COGNITIVE-DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY
Gender roles acquired through interaction with the environment and thinking about those experiences
Child must identify as male or female
Then behavior is organized around that schema
Gender schema: a set of behaviors organized around how either a male or female should think and behave