1. Intermolecular Forces

2. Interesting Questions to answer  The boiling point of the noble gas helium is -268.7 o C, whereas the boiling point of the noble gas Neon is -245.9 o C. What accounts for this difference?  The boiling point of H 2 O is 100 o C, whereas the boiling point of H 2 S is -59 o C. What accounts for this difference?  Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a gas at SATP, whereas Silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) is a solid. What accounts for this difference?

3. What are Intermolecular Forces?  Forces that bind atoms within a molecule are due to chemical bonding (i.e. sharing electrons)  These forces are referred to as intramolecular forces  Forces that hold molecules together are generally called intermolecular forces.

4. What are Intermolecular Forces?  Intermolecular forces are much weaker than the forces involved in chemical bonds  However, intermolecular forces play a large role in the physical properties of substances, such as: State (solid, liquid, gas) Volatility (ability to vaporize) Melting/boiling point (self-explanatory)

5. Types of Intermolecular Forces  We will discuss the following intermolecular forces: 1. van der Waal’s forces 1. Dipole-dipole 2. London forces (Dispersion) 2. Hydrogen bonds

6. van der Waal’s Forces  Johannes van der Waals (1837 – 1923) was the first to suggest the importance of intermolecular forces.  van der Waals forces is a general term for those intermolecular forces that include dipole-dipole and London forces.  van der Waals forces is a very weak attractive force between many substances.

7. Dipole-dipole  Polar molecules can attract one another through dipole-dipole forces.  A molecule is polar if it possesses an asymmetrical charge distribution.  Molecules that possess this are said to have a dipole moment.

8. Example of a dipole moment

9. Dipole-dipole  Dipole-dipole forces is an attractive intermolecular force resulting from the tendency of polar molecules to align themselves such that the positive end of one molecules is near the negative end of another.

11. London Forces (Dispersion)  Neon becomes a liquid at -246 0 C  Since it forms a liquid, there must be forces adhering the molecules together  Even substances that possess no dipole moments at all still possess intermolecular forces.  This force is named after Fritz London

12. London Forces (Dispersion)  The electrons in an atom form a spherical distribution over time  However, at any instant, more electrons may be present on one side of the nucleus than the other  This creates a momentary dipole moment

13. Formation of a dipole moment + - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - Neon atom without a dipole moment Neon atom with a dipole moment

14. London Forces (Dispersion)  If the neon atom with a dipole moment encounters another neon atom, it will induce a dipole moment in that neon atom  This creates two dipoles that are momentarily attracted to each other.

15. Creating a dispersion force

16. London Forces (Dispersion)  London forces (also called dispersion forces) are the weak attractive forces between molecules resulting from the small, instantaneous dipoles that occur because of the varying positions of the electrons during their motion about nuclei.

17. London Forces (Dispersion)  ALL substances possess dispersion forces  The greater the number of electrons, the greater the dispersion force  Examples of substances that ONLY possess dispersion forces: F 2, Cl 2, He, Ar, Kr, CH 3, C 2 H 6

18. Example Question  Arrange the following substance in order of increasing magnitude of the London forces: SiCl 4, CCl 4, GeCl 4.  Answer – London forces increase with increasing number of electrons: CCl 4 (74e - ), SiCl 4 (82e - ), GeCl 4 (100e - ).

19. Methanol vs. Fluoromethane  Consider fluoromethane (CH 3 F)and methanol (CH 3 OH)  Both have identical numbers of electrons (16 e - ) and similar dipole moments  However, CH 3 F boils at -78 o C, and CH 3 OH boils at 65 o C  What accounts for this difference?

20. Hydrogen Bonds  Clearly methanol with its much higher boiling point has much stronger intermolecular forces than fluoromethane does.  This introduces a new type of intermolecular force: Hydrogen bonding.

21. Hydrogen Bonds  Hydrogen bonding is a weak to moderate attractive force that exists between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom, X, and a lone pair of electrons on another small, electronegative atom, Y.

22. Hydrogen Bonds in Water

23. Hydrogen Bonds  Consider the boiling point of substances that contain hydrogen bonded to group VIA elements: SubstanceBoiling point H2OH2O100 o C H2SH2S-60 o C H 2 Se-40 o C H 2 Te0oC0oC

24. Hydrogen Bonds  Hydrogen bonding is present in water, but absent in H 2 S, H 2 Se, and H 2 Te.  This is because the electronegativity difference between H and S, Se and Te is not great enough.  Only molecules containing N-H, O- H, and F-H bonds can form hydrogen bonds

25. Hydrogen Bonds  When water freezes, the molecules of water form hexagon-shaped crystals.  This is due to the hydrogen bonds that form between water molecules.

26. Hexagonal crystal lattice of H 2 O

30. Example Question  What kinds of intermolecular forces are expected in the following substances? 1. Methane 2. Trichloromethane (chloroform) 3. butanol

31. Answers 1. Methane is nonpolar. Therefore only London (dispersion) forces are present. 2. Chloroform is an unsymmetrical molecule with polar bonds. We would expect dipole-dipole forces and London forces 3. Butanol has a hydrogen atom attached to an oxygen atom. Therefore, you expect hydrogen bonding. You would also expect dipole-dipole and London forces

32. Homework  Problems  Page 266 #1-7