1. Environments of cells All cells exist in a watery environment – extracellular fluid Mullticellular organisms have an outer layer that acts as a barrier and creates an internal environment

2. Aspects of the internal environment that need to be regulated: Salt concentrations Temperature Levels of nutrients pH Removal of wastes Ion concentrations

3.  CELL MEMBRANE (look pg 58)  The role of the membrane is very important in maintaining cell stability and enabling the cell to operate at optimum levels.

4.  The cell membrane (plasma membrane), - selectively controls the molecules entering & leaving the cell. - allows the cytoplasm to have a different composition from the the surrounding environment

5. Membrane Structure. The membrane is partially permeable. Some substances pass freely across the membrane while others are excluded.

6. Phosopholipid bi-layer The cell membrane is formed from a double layer of lipids with proteins embedded in it forming ion channels. The lipid layer is capable of much movement, i.e. it is fluid. Cholesterol molecules reduce the membrane fluidity It is impermeable to water soluble substances. Lipid soluble substances e.g. alcohol pass through.

7. Hydrophobic, ‘water hating’ end Hydrophillic, ‘water loving’ end When in contact with an aqueous solution, the phospholipid molecules line up with tails pointing in (away from sol) EXAMPLE! Detergents cause fats to form micelles.

8. Protein Channels These are large proteins with openings on both sides of the membrane. Allow flow of ions

9. Carbohydrates on the outer surface are important in cell adhesion and cell recognition. These are attached to recognition proteins.

10. Phospholipid Bilayer Embedded Cholesterol Protein channel Embedded protein Carbohydrate (1) Fluid (2) Mosaic Model (Draw)

11. Surface area to volume ratio

12. Movement in and out of Cell Diffusion (simple) Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Active Transport Endocytosis and Exocytosis

13. Diffusion (simple) Comments: Moves down Con~ gradient (high to low) The diffusion rate increases with a high concentration gradient, heat, small particles and with gaseous substances. Movement is from a strong solution to a weak solution. (think sugar cube /water) (lungs, CO2) Where?What?Energy? Through the phospholipid bilayer small uncharged particles (water, urea, Oxygen, carbon dioxide) & lipid soluble substances such as alcohol, ether, chloroform. NO

14. Facilitated Diffusion Where?What?Energy? Through the protein molecules spanning the membrane. Either by channel proteins or by carrier proteins. Charged ions &larger molecules (glucose). - the lipid insoluble molecules. NO Comments: The process is the same as for simple diffusion.

15. Osmosis Comments: Osmosis is a special type of diffusion. The process is the same but only water moves to even up concentrations. Movement of water is from a weak solution into a strong solution. Example: water from the gut (diarrhoea) Cell wall in plants Where?What?Energy? Through the phospholipid bilayer Water onlyNO

16. Diffusion across the (partially permeable) membrane. 1 2

17. Active Transport. Comments: Active transport is movement against the concentration gradient to ‘build up’ rather than to‘even up’. Where?What?Energy? Through the protein molecules spanning the membrane. Nutirent molecules, ions such as chloride ions (Cl-), sodium ions (Na+), potasssium ions (K+) and water Yes

18. Bulk Transport (endocyctosis and exocytosis). Comments: Phagocytosis (solids - cell eating) and pinocytosis (cell drinking – entry of liquid) are forms of endocytosis. Where?What?Energy? Small sections of the plasma membrane. Large molecules such as enzymes, hormones and antibodies and foreign material. YES