1. DRUGS
Ch. 5

2. What is a DRUG?
“Any natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce physiological or psychological effects in humans or other higher-order animals”
Dependence
Drug
Nature of drug
Route of administration
Dose
Frequency
Rate of metabolism
Nondrug
Personal characteristics of user
Expectations about drug experience
Society’s attitude & response
Setting of drug use

3. Dependency Nonphysical dependence
Physiological need for drug that has been brought by regular use
Psychological dependence
Conditioned use of drug caused by emotional needs

4. Categories of Drugs Narcotics Hallucinogens Stimulants Depressants
Club Drugs
Anabolic Steroids

5. Narcotics
Analgesics (relieve pain by depressing Central Nervous System (CNS))
Induces sleep
Depresses vital body functions
Opium
Morphine (extracted from opium and used to synthesize heroin)
Heroin
Codeine
Cough suppressants
1/6 strong as morphine

7. Narcotics Synthetic Opiates
Not naturally derived from opium or morphine
Same physiological effect
Methadone
Aids in withdrawal from heroin
Oxycontin (oxycodone)

8. Hallucinogens
Mark changes in normal thought process, perception, and mood
Examples
Marijuana
LSD
PCP
MDMA (ecstasy)
Mescaline
Psilocybin

9. Depressants Decrease activity of CNS
Calm irritability and excitability, and produce sleep
Examples
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Anti-anxiety Drugs (Valium, Librium)
Tranquilizers (Ketamine)
Huffing (sniffing glue, cement)

10. Stimulants Increase activity of CNS Increase alertness and activity
Examples
Amphetamines (uppers/speed)
Cocaine
Crack (freebase form of cocaine)

11. Anabolic Steroids
Synthetic compounds that are chemically related to testosterone
Androgenic effect
Promotes secondary male characteristics
Anabolic effect
Accelerates muscle growth

12. Controlled Substances Act
Schedule I
• The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.
• The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.
• There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision.
• Examples of Schedule I substances include heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), marijuana, and methaqualone.
Schedule II
The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.
• The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions.
• Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.
• Examples of Schedule II substances include morphine, phencyclidine (PCP), cocaine, methadone, and methamphetamine.
Schedule III
The drug or other substance has less potential for abuse than the drugs or other substances in schedules I and II.
• The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.
• Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence.
• Anabolic steroids, codeine and hydrocodone with aspirin or Tylenol®, and some barbiturates are examples of Schedule III substances
Schedule IV
• The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III.
• Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III.
• Examples of drugs included in schedule IV are Darvon®, Talwin®, Equanil®, Valium®, and Xanax®.
Schedule V
The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule IV.
• Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule IV.
• Cough medicines with codeine are examples of Schedule V drugs.

13. Forensic Drug Analysis
Screening test
Preliminary test used to reduce the number of possible identities of an unknown substance
1st- Drug or not a drug
2nd-identity of drug
Confirmation
A single test that identifies a substance

14. Color Test Reagent Test for Marquis
Purple = heroin ; Orange-brown = amp/meth
Dillie-Koppanyi
Violet-blue=barbiturates
Duquenois-Levine
Purple=marijuana (when chloroform added)
Van Urk
Blue-purple = LSD
Scott Test
Blue to pink = cocaine (when HCl added)

15. Microcrystalline Test
More specific than color test
Drop of reagent added to drug on microscope slide
Chemical reaction produces crystalline precipitate observed through microscope

16. What is chromatography?
From Wikipedia ...
Chromatography (from Greek word for chromos for colour) is the collective term for a family of laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures. It involves passing a mixture which contains the analyte through a stationary phase, which separates it from other molecules in the mixture and allows it to be isolated.
Which means ...
Chromatography is the physical separation of a mixture into its individual components.
We can use chromatography to separate the components of inks and dyes, such as those found in pens, markers, clothing, and even candy shells. Chromatography can also be used to separate the colored pigments in plants or used to determine the chemical composition of many substances.

17. Examples of Chromatography
Liquid Chromatography
Used to identify unknown plant pigments & other compounds.
Paper Chromatography
Can be used to separate the components of inks, dyes, plant compounds (chlorophyll), make-up, and many other substances
Thin-Layer Chromatography
Uses thin plastic or glass trays to identify the composition of pigments, chemicals, and other unknown substances.
Gas Chromatography
Used to determine the chemical composition of unknown substances, such as the different compounds in gasoline shown by each separate peak in the graph below.

18. Mixtures & Compounds
Mixture – Two or more substances that are mixed together, but not chemically combined.
Examples of mixtures ... Air – mixture of gases Bowl of cereal – mixture of cereal and milk Soda pop – mixture of soda syrup, water, and CO2 gas Fog –water suspended in air Kool-Aid – mixture of water, sugar, and flavor crystals
Examples of compounds ... Salt –Sodium and chlorine combined chemically Water –Hydrogen and oxygen combined chemically Carbon Dioxide – Carbon and oxygen combined chemically
Compounds – Two or more elements that are chemically combined.

19. Solutions
Solutions are mixtures in which one substance is dissolved in another.
Solutions have two parts: solute and solvent The solute is the substance that is dissolved. The solvent is the substance that does the dissolving
Identify the solute and solvent in each solution ...
Solution
Solute
Solvent
Lemonade
Soda pop
Ocean water
Solubility - A measure of how much of a given substance will dissolve in a liquid. A substance that does not dissolve in water is called insoluble. A substance that does dissolve in water is called soluble.

20. Spectrophotometry Study of absorption of light by chemical substance
UV and IR spectrophotometers used in labs
IR (provides more complex patterns than UV)
Different materials have distinctively different IR spectra, each IR is like a fingerprint of the substance
Mass Spectrophotometry
Characterizes organic molecules by observing their fragmentation pattern after collision with beam of high energy electrons

22. Mass Spectrometry
Analytical tool used for measuring the molecular mass of a sample.
Characterizes organic molecules by observing their fragmentation pattern after collision with beam of high energy electrons
Monochromator
Device for isolating individual wavelengths or frequencies of light
Sample separated into its components by GC
Components are ionized identified by characteristics fragments of the spectra produced by MS

23. Mass Spectrometry