2. Last Word: 27.3 Reading Guide due Friday FrontPage: What would happen if PTSD had 400 new students move into 11 th grade next year?

3. The Middle East in Transition Economic and Social Changes Chapter 27, Section 2

4. Economic Changes After independence, what was one major goal of most Middle Eastern nations? Arab nations wanted to reduce the influence of European nations on their economies Arab nations also looked to find ways to develop and grow their economy

5. Solution: Arab Socialism What is Arab socialism? In the 1950’s, some Arab governments seized control of foreign-owned industries These became government-owned and -operated businesses (Socialism) Nations like Iraq and Syria owned almost all businesses Why do some governments believe that centralized control is necessary to achieve modernization?

6. Government control of the economy… …has had ________________ results. Economic output has increased since the 1950’s But state-owned factories are generally inefficient (why?) Because of these mixed results, what did some nations do in the 1990s? Began to move towards a more free-market system. Allowed private businesses to purchase some of the government-owned businesses **Results of this change remain to be seen

7. Change: Population Growth The population of the Middle East has increased rapidly since the 1950’s Egypt’s has tripled (17 to 58 million) Iraq more than doubled (7 to 19 million) What is the effect of rapid population growth? Resources of these nations are stretched thin What methods have government tried to slow population growth? What solution would you propose to slow the rapid population increase?

10. Change: Developing Agriculture Most people in the middle east still make a living from…? Why have many Arab governments been forced to import food? Population increase and lack of agricultural production capability As a result, attempts have been made to modernize agriculture practices and increase output

11. Agriculture: Proposed Solutions New Water Supplies – needed for increased agricultural output Dams – provide water for irrigation and hydroelectric power What is Desalination? – converting sea water into usable water (drinking and farming) Improved Farming Methods: What is Fertigation – pumping controlled amounts of water and fertilizer directly to the roots of plants Problem: High cost Land Reform – redistribute land to poor farmers Problem: Farmers lack training and supplies

12. The Role of Oil… What % of the world’s oil reserves are in the Middle East? What are “guest workers”? Workers from other nations who work and send money home

14. Change: Urban Growth What two things contributed to the rapid growth of Middle East cities? Modernization and the population explosion have caused cities to grow rapidly What happens in many cities as a result of limited housing? Neighborhoods are crowded, jobs are scarce, housing is often makeshift, limited What are some of the differences between young and old city dwellers?

16. Change: The Role of Women Status of women varies among the nations of the MidEast Some places require women to be veiled at all times, others allow a great deal of freedom Some Muslim women are returning to wearing hijab as a sign of their faith even if they don’t have to Number of women with higher education is increasing But women are still responsible for the upkeep of the home

17. Change: Levels of Education At the time of independence, many MidEast nations had to rely on foreign engineers and skilled workers Why would they put emphasis on education after independence? Goal has been to educate the native population and increase self-reliance/end foreign influence Education rates vary among nations in the MidEast Literacy rate: Yemen = 40%, Israel = 90% Difference still exists in the education of boys and girls in many Arab nations