1. Depressants: Alcohol depresses the sympathetic nervous system. Alcohol tends to magnify all our tendencies. – Helpful people become more helpful, aggressive more aggressive, sexual or sexual wannabes, more sexual. People become more self-disclosing.

2. Alcohol addicts Alcohol addicted people experience debilitating withdrawal symptoms –diarrhea, vomiting and hallucinations. Children of alcoholics can hold more liquor in their first experience than non COAs –suggests a genetic link.

3. Addiction correlates Risk taking boys more likely than others. Mice have been bred to prefer alcohol to water. Children of alcoholics have a 4X higher rates (about 60%) –Adopted Children of alcoholics still have 4x greater rate. Age of first use correlates: –Under 15, 60% chance of alcohol problems –Over 21, drops to 7%.

5. Rat Studies: Duke University http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWRMOK vb_xU

6. Depressants: Barbiturates or Downers Quaaludes, tranquilizers, valium sleeping pills. All act to suppress the sympathetic nervous system – Taken with alcohol = coma

7. Depressants: Opiates Heroin, morphine, opium. Depress the entire neural system. Give feeling of “blissful pleasure” –some first time users report having orgasms from use. Highly physically addictive. –Tolerance builds quickly. Withdrawal creates awful symptoms. Brain stops producing endorphins.

8. Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants Nicotine, Methamphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy. Increase heart rate, respiration, breathing,pupils dilate, appetite diminishes, creates energy boost. Feelings of euphoria, confidence, well- being followed by a corresponding crash.

9. Stimulants: Speed/Coke high doses can deplete natural stores of neurotransmitters. (serotonin, dopamine). Acts on pleasure system by blocking the reuptake of Serotonin and Dopamine. Chronic users, heavy doses creates extreme paranoia.

10. Stimulants: Cocaine and Speed The most highly psychologically addictive. Rats will hit a lever 1000s of times to get cocaine to the exclusion of food.

11. Ecstasy: MDMA Ecstasy: amphetamine with mild hallucinogenic effects – can cause dehydration. –Repeated use = brain damage in serotonin system. Associated with extreme sociability: hugging, touching, etc. Extreme Euphoria.

12. Hallucinogens LSD, ecstasy, peyote, mescaline, psilocybin, Marijuana. Virtual high: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHwwdUOQL8Q http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHwwdUOQL8Q Common to see visual distortion of things that are there. Heavily influenced by emotional state, and personality: explaining bad trips.

13. Marijuana 2 nd most used drug, about 20% of high schoolers. Active Ingredient is THC. Can be ingested by eating or smoking. Mild hallucinogen: distorts time perception, makes it particularly dangerous for driving.

15. Drugs and Consciousness Cheat Sheet Stimulants – speed up the activity of the CNS –Amphetamines – they increase the release and decrease the removal of norepinephrine and dopamine at synapses causing increased activity at the receptors. They also reduce the activity of GABA –Cocaine – like amphetamines –Caffeine –Nicotine – enhances the action of acetylcholine, increases the release of glutamate, the brain ’ s primary excitatory neurotransmitter –MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or Ecstasy – similar to amphetamines

16. Drugs and Consciousness Cheat Sheet Depressants – reduce the activity of the CNS – they increase the availability of GABA, which reduces the activity of many neural circuits. –Alcohol –Tranquilizers –Barbiturates Opiates/narcotics – agonists for endorphins, HIGHLY addictive because they stimulate glutamate receptors and physically change the neuron structure – neuron comes to require the drug to function properly –Morphine - (an ingredient of opium which is derived from the poppy plant)- Percodan, Demoral –Heroin – derived from morphine but 3x more powerful –Tylenol 3, codeine, percoset, vicodan, oxycotin, Advil

17. Drugs and Consciousness Cheat Sheet Hallucinogens/psychedelics –LSD – lysergic acid diethylamide 1938 Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann synthesized it from a rye fungus Hallucinations – time is distorted, sounds cause visual sensations, leave the body Stimulate serotonin and dopamine receptors in the brain Flashbacks, trips, not addictive –PCP (Angel Dust) –MDMA (Ecstasy) - hallucinations –Mescaline (mushrooms) –Ketamine – “ Special K ” an anesthetic used by veterinarians, produces hallucinogenic effects, dissociative experiences. Can also cause enduring amnesia and memory loss. –Marijuana, Mary Jane, weed, Reefer, grass, etc., etc., etc. Main ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

18. Sleep as a State of Consciousness Even when you are deeply asleep, your perceptual window is not completely shut –What is our evidence of this?

19. Biological Rhythms and Sleep Circadian Rhythm –24 hour cycle of day and night through our biological clock Body temp rises, peaks, dips, and drops Thinking is sharpest at peak Why is pulling an all-nighter a TERRIBLE idea?

20. So what’s going on here… Let’s take a second to go back to the eye/brain relationship 1. Bright light tweaks circadian clock activating light sensitive retinal proteins  SCN  Pineal Gland  Melatonin (increase/decrease by need) 2. suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located in the ____________

21. What has caused us to stay up later and force ourselves awake in the morning?

22. Sleep Stages Considered different state of consciousness because different parts of brain’s cortex stop communicating Still-active sleeping brain has its own biological rhythm Which brain scan is used most in sleep studies?

23. Sleep Need for sleep varies with individuals –20 hours for infants –6 hours for adults in their 70’s

25. Stage 0: A person is relaxed with eyes closed EEG shows alpha waves “falling asleep” called hypnagogic state –Lucid dreaming “waking” period is called hypnopompic state –just ten more minutes…

26. Quiet Sleep: NREM sleep Stage 1 lasts from 30 secs to 10 min –Characterized by sensory images and slow rolling eye movements –Appearance of theta waves on EEG (mixed with alpha) –May experience hallucinations Sensation of falling Most alien abductions happen here

27. Quiet Sleep Stage 2 lasts 20 minutes –theta waves, sleep spindles, and K- complexes on EEG –Sleep spindles: bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity –Sleep talking occurs most here –You are now full on asleep

28. Quiet Sleep Stage 3 –Transition to stage 4 –Recognized by the beginning of delta waves on EEG

29. Quiet Sleep Stage 4 –Deep sleep –Lasts 30 min, recognized by 20-50% delta waves in EEG **AMOUNT OF TIME SPENT ON STAGES 3 AND 4 VARIES AS NIGHT PROGRESSES**

30. Active Sleep: REM Nearly all dreams occur in REM Dreams are more vivid and story-like than in earlier stages REM increases during the night –Less than a minute to over an hour –25% of the night’s sleep Causes atonia which is temporary paralysis of the body Brain is active while body shows loss of muscle tone

31. During REM Sleep Heart rate rises Breathing becomes rapid and irregular Eyes dart around Genitals become aroused –Erections/vaginal lubrication and clitoral engorgement (not dependent on sexual nature of dream) –Men’s erection upon waking stems from the night’s last REM –Typical 25 year old male erections happen for half the night

32. REM Sleep

33. How are you “active” yet not… Brain’s motor cortex is running… Brainstem blocks the messages –Muscles relaxed (essentially paralyzed) REM is called paradoxal sleep –Internally aroused, externally calm So, how is it that arousal happens when we sleep?

34. Sleep Cycle Repeats about every 90 minutes Night progresses, deep stage 4 gets briefer and disappears –REM and stage 2 get longer By morning, 20 to 25% has been REM –Everyone dreams, we don’t remember most of what we dream –What are the dreams called that we most remember?

35. Why do we sleep? Without sleep our bodies deteriorate –Functionality/productivity –Aging –Weight gain and metabolism –Suppress immune cells (infections/cancer) –Memory impairment

36. Wait… hold up… you said weight gain? Sleep deprivations increases hunger- arousing hormone – gherlin – and decreases hunger-suppressing hormone – leptin –Increases appetite and eating –Also increases stress hormone – cortisol

38. Sleep Disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zVCYdrw-1o Apnea Parasomnias –SIDS –Jet lag –Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) –Bruxism

39. Dreams Theoretically based Freud and driven unconscious

40. Freud’s wish-fulfillment Psychic safety valve –Safe place to express unacceptable feelings –Hidden meanings –On The Interpretation of Dreams

41. Information-processing Dreams help sort the day’s events and consolidate our memories –That story about the place with the guy that did the stuff… oh crap I lost it…

42. Physiological function Brain stimulation during REM = develop and preserve neural pathways

43. Activation-synthesis REM triggers neural activity to evoke random memories which our brain weaves into stories –Ever had a dream about the first house you lived in or a childhood occurrence?

44. Cognitive development Dreams reflect individual’s knowledge and understanding of the world around them –Some take it WAY to seriously

45. Hypnosis

46. Can anyone experience hypnosis? Yes! –Well, sort of – it’s called suggestion

47. Can hypnosis be theraputic? Maybe kinda sorta not really but in only in some cases… –Posthypnotic suggestion has been found to alleviate headaches, asthma, stress-related disorders How about pain? –Hmmmm that’s up for debate.

48. How does it work? Hypnosis is a divided consciousness –According to some or most or any or none Dissociation: a split in consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others –Remember selective attention?