1. Objective 2.01 Understand the history of global agriculture.

2. Agriscience defined: The application of scientific principles and new technologies to agriculture Applied science applies knowledge of biology, chemistry and physics Agronomists use biology and chemistry develop new ways to control weeds Entomologists use biology and chemistry develop new ways to control insects Agricultural engineers use physics develop new, more efficient machinery Employs the scientific method to solve problems

3. Agriculture defined: The production, processing, marketing and distribution of all agricultural products, related supplies and services Examples: Cattle Production farmer cow-calf feeder steers Processing slaughter facility Rendering Beef Leather Marketing Butcher Grocery Steaks Transportation Plane Rail Truck Related supplies and services Veterinarian feed dealer

4. Agriculture defined: Examples: Wheat Production Farmer Grain Processing Grain mills Flour Marketing Bakery Bread Transportation Wheat grain trucks Rail Related supplies and services fertilizer dealer crop scouting machinery dealer GPS

5. Agriculture defined: Examples: Roses Production flower grower processing/marketing Harvesters wholesale retail florist Transportation Plane Truck floral delivery driver Related supplies and services glass vase sales greenhouse manufacturers floral designers

6. Agribusiness defined: Agribusiness refers to commercial firms (businesses) that have developed with or stemmed out of agriculture Examples of Agribusiness: Farm related Chemical Company Tractor Manufacturer Pharmaceutical Company (veterinary medicines) Horticulture related Landscape or nursery business Seed company Mower Manufacturer

7. Renewable natural resources defined: Resources provided by nature that can replace or renew themselves Examples Wildlife – deer, songbirds, birds of prey, fish, rabbits Forests – trees, grasses

8. Progress in US Agriculture Mechanization Helps 2% of America’s work force meet the food and fiber needs of our nation Reduction of 90% in production farming in the last 200 years

9. Major Inventions/Improvements 1701 – Jethro Tull credited with inventing first horse drawn seed drill in England

10. Cotton Gin Invented in 1793 Eli Whitney Transformed cotton to a usable product Removed cotton seed from cotton fiber

11. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin

12. George Washington Carver Late 1890’s Developed crop rotations and the use of legumes plants that “make” their own nitrogen Peanuts Significantly improve soil fertility in the U.S. south

13. Grain Reaper Cyrus McCormick Invented in 1834 Cut grains Cut wheat, oats, and other crops

14. Cutting Grain With the sickle or reaping hook one man could cut from one-half to one acre in a hard day's work. The cut grain was later bound by hand

15. The Reaper

16. Grain Reaper

17. McCormick Reaper

18. Cast Iron Plow Invented in the early 1800’s Thomas Jefferson along with son-in-law Thomas Mann Randolph Rough surface that dirt stuck to Charles Newbold in 1797 patented first iron plow Jethro Wood patented iron plow with interchangeable parts in 1819

21. Steel Moldboard Plow 1837 John Deere Smoother surface Rich clay soil did not stick to it Made plowing easier and faster

22. Henry Blair Seed planter 1834 Cotton planter 1836

23. Corn Picker Invented in 1850 Edmund Quincy Helped speed up the harvesting of corn

24. Corn Picker

25. Modern Corn Picker

26. Barbed Wire Joseph Glidden 1874 dramatically changed raising livestock

27. Milking Machine Invented in 1878 Anna Baldwin Used vacuum suction Replaced hand milking

28. Modern Milking Machine

30. Perishable food preservation 1879 Thomas Elkins designed a device that helped with the task of preserving perishable foods by way of refrigeration

31. Tractor Invented in 1904 Benjamin Holt Replaced the mule as a source of power Horse power John Froelich in 1892 had first gasoline powered tractor 1954 was the year that the number of tractors on farms exceeded the number of horses and mules for first time 1849 - 1920

32. Steam powered Caterpillar tractor built by Holt in 1908.

33. Gene Gun 1987 John Sanford A device for injecting cells with genetic information

34. GPS technology 1993 tractor based GPS systems together with GIS (Geographic Information Systems) Used to gather data such as soil condition, humidity, temperature and other variables Used to control intensity of planting application of fertilizer application of pesticides watering schedules

35. Robotic Milking Machines Late 1990’s First used in Ontario, Canada Benefits by a reduction in labor Initial cost is primary disadvantage especially to small producer

36. Land Grant Institutions An institution designated by its state legislature to receive funding (Morrill Acts of 1862 &1890) to teach agriculture, military tactics and the mechanical arts. Agricultural experiment stations (Hatch Act 1887). Examples: North Carolina A&T (1890) Greensboro, NC North Carolina State University (1887) Raleigh, NC Clemson University (1889) Clemson, SC University of Georgia (1785) Athens, GA University of Tennessee (1794) Knoxville, TN Virginia Tech. University (1872) Blacksburg, VA

37. Agriculture related Government Agencies Established to assist farmers, ranchers and the general public Information professional assistance funding

38. Examples of some of the agencies we now have: (USDA) United States Department of Agriculture 1862 Provides leadership on food, agriculture, natural resources, rural development, nutrition, and related issues based on sound public policy, the best available science, and efficient management. Examples of branches/agencies of USDA: NRCS (1935) - Natural Resource Conservation Service APHIS (1972) – Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service NASS (1863) – National Agricultural Statistics Service USFS (1905) –United States Forest Service Mmission is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the nation’s forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations.

39. Examples of some of the agencies we now have: NCCES North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service 1914 To put research –based knowledge to work for economic prosperity, environmental stewardship and an improved quality of life North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (NCDA&CS) Services that promote and improve agriculture…..

40. Origins of Major Food Crops 1. Fruits and Vegetables Peaches - China Tomato – South America Peanut – Peru, South America Sweet potato – Central America

41. Origins of Major Food Crops 2. Grain, Oil and Fiber Crops Corn – Cuba, Mexico Soybeans – Southeast Asia Cotton – Mexico, Africa, Pakistan Wheat – Southwest Asia (Syria, Jordan, Turkey, India) Note: Sources vary on actual country of origin but generally agree on region of the world.

42. Major US Agricultural Production Regions for Selected Crops and Livestock Regions develop based on a variety of factors: Soils Weather market development Feed availability

43. Examples of agricultural production regions and/ or states that generally rank high in U.S. production. Citrus fruit Florida Texas California Corn belt Includes all or parts of these Midwestern states Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska,

44. Examples of agricultural production regions and/ or states that generally rank high in U.S. production. Wheat Hard Red Spring Wheat – (highest protein content, excellent bread wheat, superior milling and baking characteristics) Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, (also Oregon, Washington, California) Soft Red Winter Wheat – (high yielding, low protein, used for cakes, biscuits, pastries) Southeastern states including North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia and others, as well as Midwestern states including Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri. Spearmint Washington, Oregon, Idaho Floriculture crops California, Florida, Michigan, Texas, North Carolina

45. Examples of agricultural production regions and/ or states that generally rank high in U.S. production. Beef cattle Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Colorado, Oklahoma, Missouri, South Dakota (corn belt area) Dairy Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, California, Idaho and Texas are leading producers but are not located in this region

46. Examples of agricultural production regions and/ or states that generally rank high in U.S. production. Hogs North Carolina and Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota Corn belt area Poultry (broilers) Southern and southeastern states North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas

47. North Carolina Agriculture NC is divided into three basic geographic and agricultural regions Mountains Piedmont Coastal plains

48. North Carolina Agriculture Mountain counties Christmas trees Apples Trout

49. North Carolina Agriculture Piedmont counties Greenhouse and Nursery crops Broilers Turkeys Dairy cattle

50. North Carolina Agriculture Eastern counties Hogs Turkeys Broilers Tobacco- flue-cured Sweet potatoes Vegetables Peanuts Cotton Corn Soybeans world’s most important source of vegetable oil

51. Farm Cash Receipts (2011) Statewide exceeds $10,000,000,000 ($10B) annually Livestock, Dairy and Poultry Approximately 2/3 of all farm cash receipts Broilers and hogs account for nearly half of this amount Crops Approximately 1/3 of all farm cash receipts greenhouse, nursery, floriculture and Christmas trees