1. Cardiovascular System: Blood II and III Chapter 11

2. Blood Grouping Surfaces of erythrocytes have antigens and the plasma contains antibodies. Each antibody is specific for an antigen. Surfaces of erythrocytes have antigens and the plasma contains antibodies. Each antibody is specific for an antigen.

3. ABO Blood Groups ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two possible antigens – A and B. The presence of these antigens is based on heredity. ABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two possible antigens – A and B. The presence of these antigens is based on heredity. Persons with type A antigen have type A blood, with type B antigen have type B blood, with both A and B antigens have AB blood, lacking antigens A and B have type O blood. Persons with type A antigen have type A blood, with type B antigen have type B blood, with both A and B antigens have AB blood, lacking antigens A and B have type O blood. Conversely, the antibodies present in the blood are opposite to the antigens. They are not present at birth, but develop over several months following birth. Conversely, the antibodies present in the blood are opposite to the antigens. They are not present at birth, but develop over several months following birth. O = universal donor and AB = universal recipient O = universal donor and AB = universal recipient

4. ABO continued

5. Rh Blood Groups Rh positive individuals have a certain Rh antigens on the surface of their erythrocytes. Rh negative individuals do not have this antigen. Rh positive individuals have a certain Rh antigens on the surface of their erythrocytes. Rh negative individuals do not have this antigen. Major concern for pregnant women due to an Rh differential during birth. An Rh positive fetus in an Rh negative mother causes the mother to produce Rh antibodies if exposed to the baby’s blood results in the potential for Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) in the second pregnancy if not treated. Major concern for pregnant women due to an Rh differential during birth. An Rh positive fetus in an Rh negative mother causes the mother to produce Rh antibodies if exposed to the baby’s blood results in the potential for Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) in the second pregnancy if not treated.

6. Hemoglobin Consists of 4 protein chains and 4 heme groups. Consists of 4 protein chains and 4 heme groups. The protein is the globin and is bound to one heme, which is a red- pigment containing an atom of iron. The protein is the globin and is bound to one heme, which is a red- pigment containing an atom of iron. The four globins in normal adult hemoglobin consists of two alpha chains and two beta chains. The four globins in normal adult hemoglobin consists of two alpha chains and two beta chains. Abnormal hemoglobins are less effective at attracting oxygen than is normal hemoglobin. What disorder could this result in? Abnormal hemoglobins are less effective at attracting oxygen than is normal hemoglobin. What disorder could this result in? Iron is needed for the normal function of hemoglobin due to the fact that it is the binding site for oxygen. How does that relate to the symptoms of the disorder identified above? Iron is needed for the normal function of hemoglobin due to the fact that it is the binding site for oxygen. How does that relate to the symptoms of the disorder identified above?

7. Hemoglobin Continued: Iron absorption is regulated according to need, and iron deficiency can result in anemia. Iron absorption is regulated according to need, and iron deficiency can result in anemia. When hemoglobin is exposed to oxygen, 1 molecule of oxygen becomes associated with each heme group. When hemoglobin is exposed to oxygen, 1 molecule of oxygen becomes associated with each heme group. Carbon dioxide is also transported, but it attaches to the amino groups of the globin molecule. Carbon dioxide is also transported, but it attaches to the amino groups of the globin molecule.

8. Hemostasis: Defined: the arrest of bleeding. Defined: the arrest of bleeding. 3 Stages: Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation. 3 Stages: Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation. Vascular spasm: contraction of smooth muscle within the wall of the blood vessels. Constriction can close the vessel completely stopping the flow of blood immediately, but temporarily. Vascular spasm: contraction of smooth muscle within the wall of the blood vessels. Constriction can close the vessel completely stopping the flow of blood immediately, but temporarily. Platelet Plug Formation: Platelets attach to collagen fibers in the connective tissue and release ADP, thromboxane, and fibrinogen. ADP acts as glue causing the platelets to stick to one another. The platelets producing ADP attaching more platelets repeatedly (what type of feedback mechanism is this?). This results in an accumulating mass of platelets to form a platelet plug temporarily repairing the damaged vessel. Platelet Plug Formation: Platelets attach to collagen fibers in the connective tissue and release ADP, thromboxane, and fibrinogen. ADP acts as glue causing the platelets to stick to one another. The platelets producing ADP attaching more platelets repeatedly (what type of feedback mechanism is this?). This results in an accumulating mass of platelets to form a platelet plug temporarily repairing the damaged vessel.

9. Hemostasis Continued: Coagulation: When a blood vessel is severely damaged, blood clotting results. A blood clot is a network of threadlike protein fibers, called fibrinogen, that traps blood cells, platelets, and fluid. Coagulation: When a blood vessel is severely damaged, blood clotting results. A blood clot is a network of threadlike protein fibers, called fibrinogen, that traps blood cells, platelets, and fluid. Coagulation factors, plasma proteins, are what cause a blood clot. Normally they are inactive, but they are stimulated by the nervous system in response to injury and the inflammatory response. Coagulation factors, plasma proteins, are what cause a blood clot. Normally they are inactive, but they are stimulated by the nervous system in response to injury and the inflammatory response.

10. Hemostasis Continued: Clots, once formed, condense into a denser structure through clot retraction. As the clot condenses, serum is squeezed out of it. Clots, once formed, condense into a denser structure through clot retraction. As the clot condenses, serum is squeezed out of it. Consolidation of the clot pulls the edges of the damaged vessel together, which can help to stop the flow of blood, reduce infection, and enhance healing. Consolidation of the clot pulls the edges of the damaged vessel together, which can help to stop the flow of blood, reduce infection, and enhance healing. The clot is usually dissolved within a few days after clot formation by a process called fibrinolysis. The clot is usually dissolved within a few days after clot formation by a process called fibrinolysis.

11. 411 on WBC’s Capable of amoeboid movement Capable of amoeboid movement Can Migrate into and out of the blood stream. Can Migrate into and out of the blood stream. Are attracted to specific chemicals (positive chemotaxis) Are attracted to specific chemicals (positive chemotaxis) Some are capable of phagocytosis (neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes) Some are capable of phagocytosis (neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes)