1. 1 EAEE E4001 Industrial Ecology of Earth Resources The Grand Cycles

2. 2 The carbon cycle: Global carbon inventory LITHOSPHERE rocks and sediments: 1.4 x 10 8 billion tons fossil fuels: 23000 billion tons oil equivalent DETRITUS soil, peat, litter: 1750 billion tons BIOSPHERE plants: 830 billion tons animals: 3 billion tons ATMOSPHERE carbon dioxide: 635 billion tons HYDROSPHERE dissolved inorganics: 36700 billion tons

3. 3 The carbon cycle: Pre-industrial annual transport LAND ATMOSPHERE OCEANS 40 billion tons60 billion tons To atmosphere: CO 2 by decomposition and respiration From atmosphere: CO 2 by photosynthesis Human impact now: 6.5 billion tons of carbon (annual increase of 1.6 ppm CO 2 ; +25% in 20 th century)

4. 4 Simple representation of carbon bio-reactions Carbon to atmosphere: decomposition and respiration C 6 H 10 O 4 + 6.5 O 2 = 6CO 2 + 5H 2 O +energy Carbon back to land and oceans: Photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 5H 2 O + sunlight = C 6 H 10 O 4 + 6.5O 2

5. 5 Global generation of CO 2 Global generation of CO 2

6. 6 Sources of anthropogenic carbon dioxide

7. 7 The sulfur cycle: Global inventory LITHOSPHERE  in elemental form  as hydrated calcium sulfide (gypsum) sedimentary rocks: 7800 trillion tons oceanic rocks : 2375 trillion tons ATMOSPHERE mostly carbonyl sulfide (COS): 6 million tons HYDROSPHERE dissolved sulfate ions: 1280 trillion tons

8. 8 The sulfur cycle: Pre-industrial annual transport LAND ATMOSPHERE OCEANS as ocean spray: 140 million tons as reduced sulfide or dusts: 55 million tons as SO 2 from volcanoes: 20 million tons

9. 9 The sulfur cycle: Global human activities Human impact now: +150 million tons of sulfur  SO 2 emissions to atmosphere: 93 million tons*  increased dust emissions: 10 million tons  fertilization: 29 million tons  wastewater emissions: 13 million tons (about the same as pre-industrial flow of S) coals: 1-4% S; oils: 0.1-0.4%; metal sulfides

10. 10 The nitrogen cycle: Global inventory LITHOSPHERE rocks and sediments: 0.032 trillion tons ATMOSPHERE nitrogen gas (N 2 ): 3900 trillion tons (Atmosphere: 78% N 2, 21% O 2, <1% A, etc.) HYDROSPHERE dissolved nitrogen: 0.71 trillion tons

11. 11 The nitrogen cycle: Pre-industrial annual mass flow LAND ATMOSPHERE OCEANS Biofixation in marine systems: estimates range from 14-200 mill t/y transformation of N 2 to organic N by plants and animals: 90-130 mill t/y lightning: 3-5 mill t/y

12. 12 The nitrogen cycle: Global human activities Human impact now: +140 million tons of nitrogen  production of fertilizers: 80 mill t/y  agriculture, animal breeding: 40 mill t/y  fossil fuel combustion: 20 mill t/y (about 50% of pre-industrial flow of N)

13. 13 The phosphorus cycle: Global inventory LITHOSPHERE rocks and sediments, continents: 19 billion tons, ocean: 8.4 x 10 5 billion tons HYDROSPHERE fresh water: 0.09 billion tons oceans: 80 billion tons BIOSPHERE continents: 2.6 billion tons oceans: 0.05-0.12 billion tons DETRITUS soil, peat, litter: 96-120 billion tons

14. 14 The phosphorus cycle: Present flow of P, tons per year LAND ATMOSPHERE FRESH WATER OCEAN WATER erosion and deposition of dust: 4.3 mill Erosion:4-7 mill Major anthropogenic input: 14 mill tons (fertilizers) Sedimentation: 2-13 mill dissolved: 1.5-4 mill particulate: 17 mill

15. 15 Conclusions Industrial Ecology is a virgin field pregnant of possibilities!