2. Recipe for Life Ingredients:  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids

3. Amino Acids There are 20 different kinds of amino acids that can be arranged in many different sequences to make a chain called a polypeptide. Ex: What elements are amino acids made of?

4. Polypeptide Chain Polypeptide Chain (polymer) Amino Acids (monomers)

5. Proteins Elements: Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), AND Nitrogen (N) Monomer: Amino Acids 20 different amino acids Ex: trytophan, lysine Polymer: polypeptide

6. Proteins Functions: Transport & movement ( bone, muscle, and hemoglobin) Signaling (Hormones like insulin) Defense (antibodies) Enzymes - control reaction rates

7. Transport and Movement some proteins are responsible for the transportation of smaller molecules from one part of the body to another, transport across cell membranes, etc., Examples: Transport proteins in the cell membrane Hemoglobin which carries oxygen in our blood Microtubules which move organelles around during cell division

8. Signaling Some hormones are proteins that serve as chemical messengers, carrying signals from one part of the body to another. Examples: Non-steroidal hormones like insulin that regulate sugar levels in our body.

9. Defense Some proteins act as a means of defense against invading pathogens Examples Antibodies which are produced by white blood cells in order to defend your body against invaders and disease

10. Enzymes Some proteins speed up reactions increase your metabolism for stomach digestion, pancreas function, blood clotting and converting glycogen into glucose. Examples Amylase-converts starches to simple sugars in saliva DNA polymerase-aids in constructing DNA Luciferase-creates bioluminescence found in lightning bugs, glowworms, and the jack-o-lantern fungi!

11. Remember: Shape Matters! Proteins are made of long sequences of amino acids (monomers) that we call polypeptides (polymers) Once these amino acids bond to form these chains, they then go on to take a 3-Dimensional shape

12. Protein Denaturation This shape is extremely important to how the proteins work and if it is disrupted or altered in any way, its function can change or not happen at all! When a protein loses its ability to perform its function due to a change in shape, we say that the protein is denatured.

13. Recipe for Life Ingredients:  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids