1. End Show Slide 1 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Cycles of Matter

2. End Show Slide 2 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3-3 Cycles of Matter How does matter move among the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem?

3. End Show Slide 3 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Recycling in the Biosphere Energy and matter move through the biosphere very differently. Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is __________within and between ecosystems. recycled

4. End Show Slide 4 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another through what____________________? Recycling in the Biosphere biogeochemical cycles

5. End Show Slide 5 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Matter can cycle because biological systems do not use up matter, they transform it (during the food chain or associated processes with staying alive). What nature law is this ? Law of Conservation of matter Matter is assembled into living tissue or passed out of the body as waste products.

6. End Show Slide 6 of 26 Cycles & Major Nutrients to be studied Water Carbon/oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

7. End Show Slide 7 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Water Cycle All living things require water to survive. Why do we need water? Why is it important to life? The Water Cycle

8. End Show Slide 8 of 26 5 important reasons we need water to survive Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 65-70% of body is water. Water is stable. Life likes stability!! Water is involved in life processes (ex. photosynthesis) Universal solvent Transportation

9. End Show Slide 9 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

10. End Show Slide 10 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Water Cycle Water moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.

11. End Show Slide 11 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Water molecules enter the atmosphere as water vapor, a gas, when they evaporate from the ocean or other bodies of water. The process by which water changes from a liquid form to an atmospheric gas is called What?______________ What is evaporation from the surface of plants called__________________? The Water Cycle evaporation transpiration

12. End Show Slide 12 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Water vapor condenses into tiny droplets that form clouds. The water returns to Earth’s surface in the form of ________________________. What’s the difference between these two terms? Water enters streams or seeps into soil where it may enter plants through their roots(uptake) or continue down even to the _________ (below the soil).What is this process called? ____________________ And what is the horizontal movement of water on land surfaces called?________________ The Water Cycle Precipitation & condensation Infiltration or seepage runoff Ground water

13. End Show Slide 13 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles How are nutrients important in living systems?

14. End Show Slide 14 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles All the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life are its ______________. Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions. Similar to water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biogeochemical ___________. nutrients cycles

15. End Show Slide 15 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Primary producers, such as plants, usually obtain nutrients in simple inorganic forms from their environment. Consumers obtain nutrients by ________ other organisms. Nutrient Cycles eating

16. End Show Slide 16 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles The Carbon Cycle Carbon is a key ingredient of living tissue. Why?_______________________ Biological processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition, take up and release carbon and oxygen. Why do organisms need oxygen?______________________ Geochemical processes, such as erosion and volcanic activity, release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and oceans. Main element in organic compounds For respiration (making energy)

17. End Show Slide 17 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biogeochemical processes, such as the burial and decomposition of dead organisms and their conversion under pressure into coal and petroleum (fossil fuels), store carbon underground. Human activities, such as mining, cutting and burning forests, and burning fossil fuels, release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Nutrient Cycles

18. End Show Slide 18 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles CO 2 in Atmosphere Photosynthesis feeding Respiration Deposition Carbonate Rocks Deposition Decomposition Fossil fuel Volcanic activity Uplift Erosion Respiration Human activity CO 2 in Ocean Photosynthesis

19. End Show Slide 19 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles The Nitrogen Cycle All organisms require nitrogen to make _______. Although nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of nitrogen on Earth, only certain types of bacteria can use this form directly. Such bacteria live in the soil and on the roots of plants called legumes. They convert nitrogen gas into ammonia and then nitrates in a process known as _______________ protein Nitrogen fixation

20. End Show Slide 20 of 26 NITROGEN CYCLE Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nitrogen gas(N2) bacteria nitrates legumes ammonia Proteins in plants Consumer eats denitrification Nitrogen fixation De- composition

21. End Show Slide 21 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles Bacterial nitrogen fixation N 2 in Atmosphere NH 3 Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer Uptake by producers Reuse by consumers Decomposition excretion Atmospheric nitrogen fixation Uptake by producers Reuse by consumers denitrification Decomposition excretion NO 3 and NO 2

22. End Show Slide 22 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into _________. Once these products are available, producers can use them to make __________. Consumers then _______the producers and reuse the nitrogen to make their own proteins. Nutrient Cycles nitrates proteins eat

23. End Show Slide 23 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall When organisms die, ____________return nitrogen to the soil as ammonia or nitrates. These nitrogen forms may be taken up again by ____________. Nutrient Cycles decomposers producers

24. End Show Slide 24 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in a process called________. This process releases nitrogen into the _______ once again. Nutrient Cycles denitrification air

25. End Show Slide 25 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles The Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus is essential to organisms because it helps forms important molecules like_________________________________. Most phosphorus exists in the form of inorganic phosphate in soil or phosphorus in rock. These then are released into the soil and water as sediments wear down. DNA( genetic material & ATP (energy molecule) other nutrients, like K, is needed for conduction of things like nerve impulses and water (esp in plants)

26. End Show Slide 26 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phosphate, eventually enters the ocean, where it is used by marine organisms. Some phosphate stays on land and cycles between organisms and the soil. Plants bind the phosphates into organic compounds. Nutrient Cycles

27. End Show Slide 27 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organic phosphate moves through the food web and to the rest of the ecosystem. Nutrient Cycles Ocean Land Organisms Sediments

28. End Show Slide 28 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Limitation The _____________________ of an ecosystem is the rate at which organic matter is created by producers. One factor that controls the primary productivity of an ecosystem is the amount of available nutrients. Primary productivity

29. End Show Slide 29 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an organism's growth. When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is called a_____________. Nutrient Limitation Limiting nutrient

30. End Show Slide 30 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient— such as runoff from heavily fertilized fields—the result is often an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers. This result is called an ___________. Algal blooms can disrupt the equilibrium of an ecosystem. Nutrient Limitation Algae bloom

31. End Show Slide 31 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

32. End Show Slide 32 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

33. End Show Slide 33 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-1 The Role of Climate

34. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 34 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Is Climate? Climate & Weather …what are they? The day-to-day condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place is called??? The average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region is called??? weather climate

35. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 35 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Is Climate? Climate is caused by: trapping of heat by the atmosphere latitude transport of heat by winds and ocean currents amount of precipitation shape and elevation of landmasses

36. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 36 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Greenhouse Effect How does the greenhouse effect maintain the biosphere's temperature range?

37. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 37 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Greenhouse Effect Atmospheric gases that trap the heat energy of sunlight and maintain Earth's temperature range include: carbon dioxide methane water vapor

38. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 38 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Greenhouse Effect The natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth’s atmosphere by this layer of gases is called the greenhouse effect. Sunlight Earth’s Surface Atmosphere Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat

39. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 39 of 26 How the carbon cycle connects to the climate and oceans (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgEZpX 3n5mo)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgEZpX 3n5mo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zpu7IZc dzXE Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

40. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 40 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Effect of Latitude on Climate Solar radiation strikes different parts of Earth’s surface at an angle that varies throughout the year. At the equator, energy from the sun strikes Earth almost directly. At the North and South Poles, the sun’s rays strike Earth’s surface at a lower angle.

41. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 41 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Effect of Latitude on Climate What are Earth's three main climate zones?

42. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 42 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Effect of Latitude on Climate As a result of differences in latitude and thus the angle of heating, Earth has three main climate zones: polar, temperate, and tropical

43. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 43 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Effect of Latitude on Climate Earth’s Main Climate Zones Sunlight Most direct sunlight 90°N North Pole Temperate Tropical Temperate Polar Arctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle 90°S South Pole 66.5°S 23.5°S 23.5°N 66.5°N Polar Sunlight 0°

44. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 44 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Effect of Latitude on Climate The polar zones are cold areas where the sun's rays strike Earth at a very low angle. Polar zones are located in the areas around the North and South poles, between 66.5° and 90° North and South latitudes.

45. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 45 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Effect of Latitude on Climate The temperate zones sit between the polar zones and the tropics. Temperate zones are more affected by the changing angle of the sun over the course of a year. As a result, the climate in these zones ranges from hot to cold, depending on the season.

46. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 46 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Effect of Latitude on Climate The tropical zone, or tropics, is near the equator, between 23.5° North and 23.5° South latitudes. The tropics receive direct or nearly direct sunlight year-round, making the climate almost always warm.

47. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 47 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Heat Transport in the Biosphere Unequal heating of Earth’s surface drives winds and ocean currents, which transport heat throughout the biosphere.

48. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 48 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Heat Transport in the Biosphere Warm air over the equator rises, while cooler air over the poles sinks toward the ground. The upward and downward movement of air creates air currents, or winds, that move heat throughout the atmosphere.

49. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 49 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Heat Transport in the Biosphere Earth’s Winds WINDS 66.5°N N 23.5°N 0° 23.5°S 66.5°S Prevailing winds Southeast Trade Winds Westerlies Polar Easterlies Equator Northeast Trade Winds Westerlies Polar Easterlies

50. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 50 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Heat Transport in the Biosphere Similar patterns of heating and cooling occur in Earth’s oceans. Cold water near the poles sinks, then flows parallel to the ocean bottom, and rises in warmer regions. Water is also moved at the surface by winds.

51. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 51 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Heat Transport in the Biosphere The movement of the water creates ocean currents, which transport heat energy throughout the biosphere. Surface ocean currents warm or cool the air above them, affecting the weather and climate of nearby landmasses.

52. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 52 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Heat Transport in the Biosphere Ocean Currents OCEAN CURRENTS 66.5°N N 23.5°N 00°00° 23.5 23.5°S 66.5°S Equator Warm currents Cold currents North Atlantic current Gulf stream

53. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 53 of 26 Facts Supporting Global Climate Change In the United States, 200 cities broke their highest temperature records this summer. In Texas, 252 out of the state's 254 counties had experienced major wildfires during 2011. China, Iraq and Iran also recorded their highest ever temperatures during this time period. FACTS SUPPORTING GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

54. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 54 of 26 Facts Supporting Global Climate Change Heavier and more violent storms and flooding incidents in Pakistan have displaced 20 million people earlier this year, and forced out 8.5 million in China. There were 387 million people affected by droughts in the first six months of 2011. The city of Mohenjo-Daro in Pakistan recorded a temperature of 53.5°C, or 128.3°F. FACTS SUPPORTING GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

55. End Show 4-1 The Role of Climate Slide 55 of 26 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=18xOj_nEDtw Highlights: Hawaii From the “24 Hours of Reality” Project Sources: http://www.theatlantic.com/life/archive/2011/09/24- hours-of-reality-al-gores-latest-climate-change- project/245049/ http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/sep/28/ al-gore-proof-climate-change

56. End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 56 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-1

57. End Show Slide 57 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-3 When the climate in a small region of a biome is different from the overall climate of the biome, the region’s climate is called a.tolerance. b.a harsher climate. c.a microclimate. d.a local variation.

58. End Show Slide 58 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-3 Variation of temperature in the temperate zone is due primarily to a.air and ocean currents. b.the greenhouse effect. c.variation in the sun’s energy production. d.latitude and season.

59. End Show Slide 59 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-3 The upward movement of warm air and the downward movement of cool air creates a.upwellings. b.air currents. c.ocean currents. d.the greenhouse effect.

60. END OF SECTION