1. The Science of Marine Science

2. Discuss with your group and formulate a definition
What is Marine Science?
Discuss with your group and formulate a definition

3. Marine Science Incorporates…
Marine biology
Oceanography
Marine geology
Marine chemistry
Physical oceanography
What do you want to learn this year?

4. History of Marine Biology
Stone Age to present…

5. Timeline of Marine Science
Review the time period on pp Be prepared to explain the significance to the class.
Time
Event
1768
James Cook (Mrs. Biebesheimer)
1831
Charles Darwin (Table 1)
1840s
Edward Forbes (Table 1)
1872
HMS Challenger (Table 2)
Stazione Zoologica (Table 3)
1888
Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory (Table 4)
1940s
SONAR (Table5)
SCUBA (Table 6)
1940s to present
(Table 6)

6. Timeline of Marine Science
Event
1768
James Cook explores all the oceans and makes scientific observations; first to use the chronometer and create reliable charts
1831
Charles Darwin studies marine life while exploring with HMS Beagle
1840s
Edward Forbes dredges the sea floor
1872
HMS Challenger is the first ship used for oceanographic exploration
First permanent marine science laboratory opened, Stazione Zoologica in Naples, Italy
1888
Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory opens in Massachusetts
1940s
SONAR developed (sound navigation ranging)
SCUBA equipment developed (self-contained underwater breath in apparatus)
1940s to present
Advancements in technology to create submarines, remotely operated vehicles and robots, and underwater laboratories.

7. Woods Hole , MA

8. Timeline of Marine Science Homework
What events and discoveries did we miss?

9. What are the steps of the scientific method?

10. Hypothesis An “educated guess.” Based on specific observations.
Must be a statement.
Must be stated in a way that allows it to be tested.
Must be able to prove the hypothesis “false.”

11. Arriving at a Hypothesis… Induction vs. Deduction
Deduction –a general principle is used to make specific predictions.
Example:
All fish have gills
Therefore: A butterflyfish must have gills.
Induction –specific observations are made to arrive at a general principle.
Example:
All birds have wings.
Wings are used for flight.
Therefore: All birds can fly.

13. Limitations of the Scientific Method
In science, there are no absolute truths.
Rather, a hypothesis is accepted as long as it is supported by available evidence.
Hypotheses are continually tested, refined, and sometimes rejected or replaced.
Not perfect
Subject to human error
Cannot make judgments about values, ethics, or morals.
Cannot make abstract statements.
Reveals the world as it is, not as it should be.

14. How does water temperature affect mussel growth?

16. Testing Ideas

17. Chapter 1 Study Guide The Science of Marine Biology
Define marine science. Explain the necessity of multiple fields of science in marine studies.
Explain important points in the history of marine science and events that advanced our knowledge of marine environments.
Identify major developments in technology that improved our understanding of sea and place them in a logical chorological order.
Explain the importance of the scientific method.
Determine the difference between induction and deduction
Define hypothesis.
Explain how a hypothesis is tested and accepted.
Understand the difference between a hypothesis and theory.
Identify controlled and experimental variables in an experiment.
Explain the limitations of the scientific methods.

18. Pictures

20. Ways of Thinking About the Scientific Method
ESSENTIAL THINKING
What is happening (will happen)?
How can I determine what is happening (will happen)?
What happens?
Why did it happen?
FORMAL SCIENTIFIC TEXT
Define the problem.
Collect information about the problem.
Construct a hypothesis.
Design an experimental procedure.
Make observations (i.e. conduct the experiment to test the hypothesis).
Interpret results - draw a conclusion.
Repeat the process.
Ways of Thinking About the Scientific Method

21. The Scientific Method If NO, then
If YES, then hypothesis accepted and THEORY may arise.
An unanswered QUESTION arises
- OR -
a PROBLEM exists that requires a solution
1. OBSERVE nature.
2. Make INFERENCES
3. Conduct RESEARCH
4. COLLABORATE with other scientists
HYPOTHESIS
“educated guess”
1. A possible answer to the question.
2. A possible solution to the problem
Must be controlled, repeatable, ethical,
EXPERIMENTATION
INTERPRETATION
Does analysis of the experimental data provide an answer or solution?
Will inevitably lead to new questions
Prompts scientists to…
The Scientific Method
If NO, then
A. QUESTION is revised
B. More observation and research is done
C. HYPOTHESIS is revised.
D. EXPERIMENT is improved or repeated.
HYPOTHESIS An “educated guess.”
Based on specific observations.
Must be stated in a way that allows it to be tested.
Must be able to prove the hypothesis “false.”
which may lead to a…
Yields data that can be interpreted and peer reviewed …
tested using…