1. Marom Bikson Lucas Parra, Dennis Truong, Abhishek Datta, Davide Reato, Asif Rahman, Belen Lafon, Thomas Radman, Jacek Dmochowski, Preet Minhas, Yu Huang, Mahtab Alam, Alexander David, Peter Toshev, Ole Seibt Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY $ NIH, NSF, Epilepsy Foundation, Wallace Coulter Foundation, DoD (AFOSR) Network oscillations as a substrate for tACS modulation of learning and plasticity: cellular and quantitative insights from brain slice Gottingen, March 18, 2013

2. tACS current flow : alternating direction

6. tACS dose: Waveform Frequency Peak Memrane Polarization + + DC (0 Hz)50 Hz500 Hz5 Hz5000 Hz Maximum polarization at DC is 0.15 mV per mA current (Bikson et al. J. Physiol. 2004, Radman et al. Brain Stim. 2009) Sensitivity decrease with frequencies >20 Hz (Bikson et al. J. Physiol 2004) Neurons become insensitive “transparent” to current at >500 Hz (Bikson et al. J. Physiol 2001)