1. www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University C Programming 3/14/2013 Richard Kuo Assistant Professor

2. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Outline ► C Programming 3. C_programming.ppt –Computer Architecture –Introduction and Basic C Features –Data Type and Operators –Functions and Macro ► Exercise : GPIO to control on-board LEDs (Smpl_GPIO_LED) ► Exercise : GPIO using macro (Smpl_GPIO_LED1_macro) ► Exercise : GPIO to control RGB LED (Smpl_GPIO_RGBled) ► Exercise : GPIO to control Buzzer on/off (Smpl_GPIO_Buzzer) ► Exercise : GPIO to control 7-segment display (Smpl_7seg)

3. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Computer Architecture ► Von Neumann Architecture

4. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw C Compilation Stage C Compilation Model IDE Compiler Linker source code (c ) Libraries(lib) object code (obj) executable code (bin)

5. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw GCC Compilation Stage

6. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw C Compilation Stage Integrated Development Environment (IDE) : Editor + Compiler + Linker + Debugger + Downloader ► Preprocessor : removing comments & interpreting special preprocessor directives denoted by #. #include -- includes contents of a named file. Files usually called header files. e.g –#include -- standard library maths file. –#include -- standard library I/O file #define -- defines a symbolic name or constant. Macro substitution. –#define MAX_ARRAY_SIZE 100 ► C compiler : translate source code to assembly code ► Assembler : generate object code ► Linker : combine library files and link functions from other source files

7. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Example of C codes #include main() { printf("Hello, world!\n"); return 0; } #include /* print a few numbers, to illustrate a simple loop */ main() { int i; for(i = 0; i < 10; i = i + 1) printf("i is %d\n", i); return 0; } The C Programming Language, by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, 1995 2 nd Edition published in 1988 by Prentice-Hall, ISBN 0-13-110362-8

8. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw C/C++ Keywords ( _ are Microsoft-specific )

9. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Keil show C/C++ Keywords in blue

10. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Basic Data Types & Operators ► Types –char, int, long int, float, long float ► Constant ► Declarations (for variables) char c; int i; float f; int i1, i2; int j1=10, j2= 20; ► Operators + : addition - : subtraction * : multiplication / : division % : modulus (remainder) ~ : not & : and | : or ^ : exclusive or >> shift to right << shift to left

11. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw ANSI C/C++ Standard Data Types and Sizes

12. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Operators ► Bitwise operators &, (and), | (or), ^ (xor), ~ (one’s complement) ► Shift operators > (right shift) ► Increment/Decrement++, -- ► Arithmetic operators+, -, *, /, % (modulus) ► Assignment operators = ► Compound assignment +=, -=, *=, /= ► Relational operators ==, !=, >, <, <= ► Logical operators && (and), || (or), ! (not)

13. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw typedef in stdint.h /* exact-width signed integer types */ typedef signed char int8_t; typedef signed short int int16_t; typedef signed int int32_t; typedef signed __int64 int64_t; /* exact-width unsigned integer types */ typedef unsigned char uint8_t; typedef unsigned short int uint16_t; typedef unsigned int uint32_t; typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;

14. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Struct in stdint.h typedef struct { union { __IO uint32_t u32PMD; struct { __IO uint32_t PMD0:2; __IO uint32_t PMD1:2; __IO uint32_t PMD2:2; __IO uint32_t PMD3:2; __IO uint32_t PMD4:2; __IO uint32_t PMD5:2; __IO uint32_t PMD6:2; __IO uint32_t PMD7:2; __IO uint32_t PMD8:2; __IO uint32_t PMD9:2; __IO uint32_t PMD10:2; __IO uint32_t PMD11:2; __IO uint32_t PMD12:2; __IO uint32_t PMD13:2; __IO uint32_t PMD14:2; __IO uint32_t PMD15:2; } PMD; }; union { __IO uint32_t u32OFFD; __IO uint32_t OFFD; }; union { __IO uint32_t u32DOUT; __IO uint32_t DOUT; }; union { __IO uint32_t u32DMASK; __IO uint32_t DMASK; }; union { __IO uint32_t u32PIN; __IO uint32_t PIN; }; union { __IO uint32_t u32DBEN; __IO uint32_t DBEN; }; union { __IO uint32_t u32IMD; __IO uint32_t IMD; }; union { __IO uint32_t u32IEN; __IO uint32_t IEN; }; union { __IO uint32_t u32ISRC; __IO uint32_t ISRC; }; } GPIO_T;

15. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Operator Precedence Levels From Highest To Lowest

16. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Standard C and C++ Libraries #include

17. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Program Control : if, if-else ► If if ( input >4095) input = 0; if (keypad_number!=0) { GPA0=1; GPA1=1; GPA2=1; } ► If -Else if ( input >4095) input = 0; else input = input – 2048; if (keypad_number!=0) { GPA0=1; GPA1=1; } else { GPA0=0; GPA1=0; }

18. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Program Control : switch-case switch (number) { case 1 : GPA1=1; break; case 2 : GPA2=1; break; case 3 : GPA3=1; break; case 4 : GPA4=1; break; case 5 : GPA5=1; break; case 6 : GPA6=1; break; case 7 : GPA7=1; break; case 8 : GPA8=1; break; case 9 : GPA9=1; break; default: GPA0=1; } switch (number) { case ‘1’ : GPA1=1; break; case ‘2’ : GPA2=2; break; case ‘3’ : GPA3=3; break; case ‘4’ : GPA4=1; break; case ‘5’ : GPA5=1; break; case ‘6’ : GPA6=1; break; case ‘7’ : GPA7=1; break; case ‘8’ : GPA8=1; break; case ‘9’ : GPA9=1; break; default: GPA0=1; }

19. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Loop Controls  for for (i=0; i<max; i++) { DrvGPIO_SetBit (E_GPA, i); printf(“%d\n”, i); }  while while(1) { no = Scankey(); if (no==0) break; else printf (“%d\n”, no); }  do-while do { no = Scankey(); if (no==0) break; else printf (“%d\n”, no); } while (flag);

20. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Function int32_t DrvGPIO_GetBit(E_DRVGPIO_PORT port, int32_t i32Bit) { volatile uint32_t u32Reg; if ((i32Bit 16)) { return E_DRVGPIO_ARGUMENT; } u32Reg = (uint32_t)&GPIOA->PIN + (port*PORT_OFFSET); return ((inpw(u32Reg)>>i32Bit) & 0x1); }

21. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Function – pointer input void print_lcd(unsigned char line, char *str) { int i=0; do{ Show_Word(line,i,*str++); i++; if(i>15) break; } while(*str!='\0'); }

22. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Smpl_GPIO_LED1 // // Smpl_GPIO_LED : GPC12 to control on-board LEDs // output low to enable red LEDs // #include #include "NUC1xx.h" #include "Driver\DrvGPIO.h" #include "Driver\DrvUART.h" #include "Driver\DrvSYS.h" // Initial GPIO pins (GPC 12,13,14,15) to Output mode void Init_LED() { // GPC12 pin set to output mode DrvGPIO_Open(E_GPC, 12, E_IO_OUTPUT); // GPC12 pin output Hi to turn off LED DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPC, 12);} int main (void) { UNLOCKREG(); // unlock register DrvSYS_Open(48000000); // running at 48MHz LOCKREG(); // lock register // Initialize LEDs DrvGPIO_Open(E_GPC, 12, E_IO_OUTPUT); DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPC, 12); // output Hi to turn off LED while (1) { DrvGPIO_ClrBit(E_GPC, 12); // output Low to turn on LED DrvSYS_Delay(1000000); // delay DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPC, 12); // output Hi to turn off LED DrvSYS_Delay(1000000); // delay }

23. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Function – DrvGPIO_Open int32_t DrvGPIO_Open(E_DRVGPIO_PORT port, int32_t i32Bit, E_DRVGPIO_IO mode) { volatile uint32_t u32Reg; if ((i32Bit 16)) { return E_DRVGPIO_ARGUMENT; } u32Reg = (uint32_t)&GPIOA->PMD + (port*PORT_OFFSET); if ((mode == E_IO_INPUT) || (mode == E_IO_OUTPUT) || (mode == E_IO_OPENDRAIN)) { outpw(u32Reg, inpw(u32Reg) & ~(0x3<<(i32Bit*2))); if (mode == E_IO_OUTPUT) { outpw(u32Reg, inpw(u32Reg) | (0x1<<(i32Bit*2))); } else if (mode == E_IO_OPENDRAIN) { outpw(u32Reg, inpw(u32Reg) | (0x2<<(i32Bit*2))); } }else if (mode == E_IO_QUASI) { outpw(u32Reg, inpw(u32Reg) | (0x3<<(i32Bit*2))); }else { return E_DRVGPIO_ARGUMENT; } return E_SUCCESS; }

24. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw DrvGPIO macro using #define #define DrvGPIO_Open_GPC12_OUTPUT DrvGPIO_Open(E_GPC, 12, E_IO_OUTPUT) #define DrvGPIO_Set_GPC12 DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPC, 12) #define DrvGPIO_Clr_GPC12 DrvGPIO_ClrBit(E_GPC, 12) #define DrvSYS_Delay_1Mcyc DrvSYS_Delay(1000000) void Init_LED() { DrvGPIO_Open_GPC12_OUTPUT; // GPC12 pin set to output mode DrvGPIO_Set_GPC12; // GPC12 pin output Hi to turn off LED }

25. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Smpl_GPIO_LED1_macro // directly programming GPIO register bits #define PORT_OFFSET 0x40 #define u32Reg (uint32_t)&GPIOA->PMD #define u32RegD (uint32_t)&GPIOA->DOUT #define DrvGPIO_Open_GPC12_OUTPUT outpw(u32Reg+ (E_GPC*PORT_OFFSET), inpw(u32Reg + (E_GPC*PORT_OFFSET))| (0x1<<(12*2))) #define DrvGPIO_Set_GPC12 outpw(u32RegD+ (E_GPC*PORT_OFFSET), inpw(u32RegD+ (E_GPC*PORT_OFFSET))| (0x1 << 12 )) #define DrvGPIO_Clr_GPC12 outpw(u32RegD+ (E_GPC*PORT_OFFSET), inpw(u32RegD+ (E_GPC*PORT_OFFSET))& ~(0x1<< 12 ))

26. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Smpl_GPIO_RGBled RGB LED drived by GPA12,13,14

27. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Smpl_GPIO_RGBled int main (void) { UNLOCKREG(); // unlock register for programming DrvSYS_Open(48000000); // set System Clock to run at 48MHz LOCKREG();// lock register from programming while (1) { // Initial GPIO GPA12,13,14 to output mode DrvGPIO_Open(E_GPA, 12, E_IO_OUTPUT); // initial GPIO pin GPA 12 to output mode DrvGPIO_Open(E_GPA, 13, E_IO_OUTPUT); // initial GPIO pin GPA 13 to output mode DrvGPIO_Open(E_GPA, 14, E_IO_OUTPUT); // initial GPIO pin GPA 14 to output mode // set RGBled to Blue DrvGPIO_ClrBit(E_GPA,12); // GPA12 = Blue, 0 : on, 1 : off DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPA,13); DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPA,14); // set RGBled to off DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPA,12); // GPA12 = Blue, 0 : on, 1 : off DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPA,13); // GPA13 = Green, 0 : on, 1 : off DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPA,14); // GPA14 = Red, 0 : on, 1 : off Delay(1000000); }

28. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Buzzer schematic Note: R1 may need to be shorted if buzzer doesn’t have enough current to buzz

29. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Smpl_GPIO_Buzzer int main (void) { UNLOCKREG(); // unlock register for programming DrvSYS_Open(48000000); // set System Clock to run at 48MHz LOCKREG();// lock register from programming DrvGPIO_Open(E_GPB, 11, E_IO_OUTPUT); // initial GPIO pin GPB11 DrvGPIO_ClrBit(E_GPB,11); // GPB11 = 0 to turn on Buzzer Delay(1000000);// Delay to keep Buzz DrvGPIO_SetBit(E_GPB,11); // GPB11 = 1 to turn off Buzzer }

30. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw 7-segment display

31. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw 7 segment LED schematic schematic has incorrect connection of SA~SG, DOT correct connection are shown in next slide

32. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Control Pins used for 7-segment Display GPC4~7 control which 7-segment to turn on (1 = on, 0 = off) ► GPC4 : First 7-segment (LSB) ► GPC5 : Second 7-segment ► GPC6 : Third 7-segment ► GPC7 : Forth 7-segment (MSB) GPE0~7 control each segment to turn on (0 = on, 1 = off) ► GPE0 : c ► GPE1 : dot ► GPE2 : f ► GPE3 : a ► GPE4 : b ► GPE5 : d ► GPE6 : e ► GPE7 : g

33. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw 7-Segment LED Driver NUC100SeriesBSP/NuvotonPlatform_Keil/Src/NUC1xx-LB002/Seven_Segment.c ► #define SEG_N0 0x82 // define segment led on/off for digit 0 ► #define SEG_N1 0xEE // define segment led on/off for digit1 … ► SEG_BUF[10] // array of segment led on/off value for digit 0~9 ► show_seven_segment (no, number) –no : select 1 st /2 nd /3 rd /4th 7-segment LED –number : value of the digit (0~9) ► close_seven_segment (void) –// turn off all four 7-segment LEDs –DrvGPIO_ClrBit(E_GPC,4); –DrvGPIO_ClrBit(E_GPC,5); –DrvGPIO_ClrBit(E_GPC,6); –DrvGPIO_ClrBit(E_GPC,7);

34. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Smpl_7seg Counting 7 segment LEDs

35. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw seg_display routine // display 4-digit value (0~9999) on 7-segment LEDs void seg_display(int16_t value) { int8_t digit; digit = value / 1000; close_seven_segment(); show_seven_segment(3,digit); delay(5000); value = value - digit * 1000; digit = value / 100; close_seven_segment(); show_seven_segment(2,digit); delay(5000); value = value - digit * 100; digit = value / 10; close_seven_segment(); show_seven_segment(1,digit); delay(5000); value = value - digit * 10; digit = value; close_seven_segment(); show_seven_segment(0,digit); delay(5000); }

36. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University www.ee.ntou.edu.tw Smpl_7seg int32_t main (void) { int32_t i =0; UNLOCKREG(); DrvSYS_Open(48000000); LOCKREG(); while(i<10000) { seg_display(i);// display i on 7-segment display DrvSYS_Delay(10000);// delay for keeping display i++;// increment i }

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