1. EKT150 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Introduction to Computer and
Computer Programming
Dr. Nik Adilah Hanin

2. COURSE INFORMATION Contributes 3 units: Main Objective:
2 hours lectures
2 hours labs
Main Objective:
Students can independently write, read, compile, debug and execute computer programs to solve problems, especially engineering related problems.

3. COURSE OUTCOME
Ability to define and describe programming concepts and principles.
Ability to apply GNU/Linux for coding, compiling, executing and debugging computer programs.
Ability to analyze and solve engineering related problems using computer programming techniques
Ability to evaluate programming techniques and tools to design computer programs.

4. ASSESSMENT 4 main components: Theoretical Tests 20%‏
Lab Assignments 20%
Lab Test 10%
Final Exam 50%‏
Assignments are assessed individually (in lab assignment)
Theoretical tests are written tests
Attendances are compulsory!

5. REFERENCES
Deitel & Deitel, “C How to Program”, International Edition, Pearson-Prentice Hall, 2010.
Cheng, H., “C for Engineers and Scientists”, McGraw Hill,
Hanly, J.R. and Koffman, E.B., “C Program Design for Engineers”, 2nd Ed., Addison-Wesley, 2001.
ISBN :

6. NOTES
This course is NOT about the language per se, it is about analytical skills and to apply programming to solve problems.
Write C program in Linux environment/GNU compiler applications
Do early reading
Do not hesitate to ask during lecture sessions
How to download lecture notes and lab exercises from portal!!!

7. LECTURE OUTLINE Introduction to Computer
Introduction to Computer Programming
Introduction to C Programming Language

8. A Brief Look At Computer
is a device that receives input, stores and processes data, and provides output in a useful format.
Computers process data according to sets of instructions called computer programs
Example: laptops, PCs, mainframes, mobile phones, washing-machines, TV sets, cars contain computers
Hardware
Physical components of a computer
Example: Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM, and processing units
Software
Programs that run on a computer
Example: Operating System such as windows XP -Vista -7, Word processing packages such as MS Word, registration program

9. Computer Hardware

10. Exercise: Distinguishing between input-process and output-storage
The scenario:
“At the end of each month, a clerk enters the employee name, number of days present and absent, and the number of overtime done in the system. The system then calculates the normal salary, the amount for overtime and the total salary. The clerk then saves the information in the computer hard disk, and takes a backup on a cd. A report is produced for the clerk to be shown to the manager. “
Task: Identify the following for that particular system
Input
Process(es)
Output
Storage

11. Exercise: Distinguishing between input-process and output-storage
The scenario:
“At the end of each month, a clerk enters the employee name, number of days present and absent, and the number of overtime done in the system. The system then calculates the normal salary, the amount for overtime and the total salary. The clerk then saves the information in the computer hard disk, and takes a backup on a cd. A report is produced for the clerk to be shown to the manager. “
Task: Identify the following for that particular system
Input: the employee name, number of days present and absent, the number of overtime
Process(es): calculate normal income, calculate amount for overtime, calculate total salary
Output: Report
Storage: Harddisk, CD-ROM

12. How Computer Processes Information?
Computers are NOT intelligent
Computers do what we tell them to do they don’t do anything by themselves.
We must clearly tell a computer what to do in a step by step manner using a programming language.
Computers only understand “electronic”
High voltage/low voltage – The machine language
Machine language is binary (two values: high/low) 1’s and 0’s

13. Why We Use Computer?
Computers produce fast, accurate and reliable results.
While computers do the boring, repetitive, ordinary tasks, we can spend our efforts and time to work on more interesting and creative tasks.
The use of computers in business and manufacturing decreases the cost of goods and services produced.
It is more difficult and needs more time to find or grow up a skill-full labour in IT industry, while buying an additional computer and installing the required software on is easier and cheaper.

14. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

15. Programming / Program / Programmer
Programming in general term is planning or implementation of a task or event command. In the computing field, is instructing a computer to perform specific tasks.
Computer programming can be defined as the process of planning a set of sequence commands to be executed by a computer.
Program be defined as a set of sequence commands that have been determined to be executed by a computer.
Computers are just electronic devices that have the power to perform difficult tasks but they do not ‘KNOW’ what to do therefore - programmers tell the computers what to do by writing programs

16. Types of Programming Languages
Machine language
Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructions
Example: , ,
Assembly language
English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer operations (translated via assemblers)
Example: LOAD BASEPAY, ADD OVERPAY
High level language
Codes similar to everyday English. Use mathematical notations (translated via compilers)
Example Code:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay
Example high level languages: C, C++, Java

17. Programming Problem
Problem that can be solve using programming language.
Suppose you want to add 34 and 56, this is easy. But to add 100 numbers is difficult for us need to use calculator or paper and pencil. Or we can write a program for computer to help us.
Can these problems solve by computer programming?
Converting units from kilograms to grams.
Counting the number of cars on a highway.
Finding a life partner
Total rain in a week
How long we live
What we want to eat for dinner

18. Problem Solving using Programming

19. Steps of Programming
Requirement Specification: Eliminate ambiguities, Clearly understand the problem
Analyse the problem: Understand the inputs, outputs and processes used for manipulating the data, formulas and constraints
Design: Write the algorithm (flowchart or pseudocode) to represent the solution
Implement the algorithm: Write a program
Testing and Verification: Check the program
Documentation

20. Properties of Well Designed Programs Easy to maintain and update
Well designed programs must :
Correct and accurate
Easy to understand
Easy to maintain and update
Efficient
Reliable
Flexible

21. INTRODUCTION TO C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

22. Programming Basics
Computer programs are a detailed set of instructions given to the computer
Programs are constructed based on an ALGORITHM which is an outline of how your computer program will work
Algorithms are a problem solving procedure that consist of:
What actions you want the computer to perform
The order of those actions should happen in

23. Creating Algorithms To solve problem using algorithms, we have to:
READ and understand the problem
THINK about different solutions to the problem
DESIGN an approach that will solve the problem
IMPLEMENT that design
TEST to see if it works If
needed

24. Form of Algorithms
The constructs used to build algorithms can be described in two different ways:
Pseudo code
Flowchart

25. 1. Pseudo Code
When the algorithm is written out as a well-thought series of steps, it is called PSEUDO CODE
It is written in easy to understand language (i.e. ENGLISH)
It is written very similar to the way that you would code it into your 3rd Generation Language (i.e. C Language)

26. Example 1: Pseudo Code
Create a detailed set of instructions (pseudo-code) that will tell us:
How to eat a banana
Make your instructions as detailed as possible, so that even someone who has never eaten a banana before can understand them

27. INSTRUCTIONS OF HOW TO EAT A BANANA:
Example 1: Pseudo Code
INSTRUCTIONS OF HOW TO EAT A BANANA:
Using your hand, get a yellow crescent-shaped fruit called a “banana”
Peel the outer skin off the banana
Eat the banana
Put a small section of banana in your mouth
Bite down on the banana
Chew the banana by opening and closing your mouth
Once the banana has been chewed, swallow the banana
Repeat until banana is finished
Throw out the used banana peel

28. The order of actions are very important!
Example 2: Pseudo Code
WAKE UP MAK MINAH 1
Get out of bed
Take off pyjamas
Take a shower
Get dressed
Eat breakfast
Drive to school
WAKE UP MAK MINAH 2
Get out of bed
Take off pyjamas
Get dressed
Take a shower
Eat breakfast
Drive to school
The order of actions are very important!
RESULT
Mak Minah arrives in a great mood ready to work 
RESULT
Mak Minah arrives in not too great a mood since she’s soaking wet 

29. 2. Flow Chart The algorithm can also be written as a FLOW CHART
The flow chart is a graphic organiser (a picture that helps organize your thoughts)
It uses a collection of basic symbols that are used to organize your algorithm
These symbols are connected by arrows that show how the algorithm “flows”

30. Visual Form of Flow Chart
Flowchart: visual-form of an algorithm
Example:
Begin
Input Data
Process 1
Decision
Process 2
Output Result
End

31. Algorithms: Flow Chart
BASIC SYMBOLS IN FLOW CHART
TERMINAL: Start/End of a program
PROCESSING: shows any mathematical operation (e.g. addition, substraction, etc)
INPUT/OUTPUT: – where the user of the program is asked for information (INPUT) or where the program displays a result (OUTPUT)
DECISION: represents any action where the computer is making a decision
Flow direction

32. Algorithms: Pseudo Code & Flow Chart
Example 1
Write an algorithm that display a message to the screen as “Hello World!”.
Begin
Print Message
End
Flow Chart
Pseudo Code
Begin
Print “Hello World!”
End

33. Algorithms: Pseudo Code & Flow Chart
Example 2:
Write a flowchart that calculates and prints the SUM of two integers A and B.
Pseudo Code
Flow Chart
Begin
Input A, B
Calculate A + B
Print SUM
End
Begin
Input A and B
Calculate A + B
Print result of SUM
End

34. Exercises
Write an algorithm (pseudo code and flow chart) to read input of 3 test marks, calculate the average and display the final marks.
Additional to (1), if the final marks is 60 and above, display mark and “Passed”, otherwise display mark and “Failed”.

35. Calculate average= (test1+test2+test3)/3
Answer Exercise (1)
Pseudo Code
Flow Chart
Begin
Begin
Input test1, test2 and test3
Calculate average
Print result of average
End
Input test1,test2 & test3
Calculate average= (test1+test2+test3)/3
Print Average
End

36. Answer Exercise (2) Pseudo Code Flow Chart Begin
Input test1, test2 and test3
Calculate average
If average >=60
Display average & “Passed”
Otherwise
Display average & “Failed”
End
Input test1,test2 & test3
Calculate average= (test1+test2+test3)/3
Average >= 60
True
False
Display average and “Failed”
Display average and “Passed”
End

37. References
Yuksel Uckan, “Problem Solving Using C, Structured Programming Techniques”, McGraw-Hill
Deitel and Deitel, C: “How to Program”, McGraw-Hill
Cheng, H., “C for Engineers and Scientists”, McGraw Hill, 2010
Hanly, J.R. and Koffman, E.B., “C Program Design for Engineers”, 2nd Ed., Addison-Wesley, 2001, ISBN :