1. Pointers

2. Overview  What are Pointers?  How to use Pointers?  Use of Pointers

3. Pointer:  A variable that can only store the address of a memory location (usually the address of other variable). 300 x 500 a 300 pointerpointee

4. Syntax:  type * identifier; i.e. int *p; G p 258 pointer

5.  int a=50;  int * p;  p = &a; p 500 pointer 50 a 300 pointee p points to a 300

6. * and & operators  Dereferencing *p value at where pointer p is pointing  Address of &a address of variable a

7. Example: void main(){ int *p; int a=50; p = &a; cout<<a<<endl; cout<<&a<<endl; cout<<p<<endl; cout<<*p<<endl; cout<<&p<<endl; }

8. Example: void main(){ =>int *p; int a=50; p = &a; cout<<a<<endl; cout<<&a<<endl; cout<<p<<endl; cout<<*p<<endl; cout<<&p<<endl; } p 500 pointer

9. Example: void main(){ int *p; =>int a=50; p = &a; cout<<a<<endl; cout<<&a<<endl; cout<<p<<endl; cout<<*p<<endl; cout<<&p<<endl; } p 500 pointer 50 a 300 pointee

10. Example: void main(){ int *p; int a=50; =>p = &a; cout<<a<<endl; cout<<&a<<endl; cout<<p<<endl; cout<<*p<<endl; cout<<&p<<endl; } 300 p 500 pointer 50 a 300 pointee

11. Example: void main(){ int *p; int a=50; p = &a; =>cout<<a<<endl;// 50 cout<<&a<<endl; cout<<p<<endl; cout<<*p<<endl; cout<<&p<<endl; } 300 p 500 pointer 50 a 300 pointee

12. Example: void main(){ int *p; int a=50; p = &a; cout<<a<<endl;// 50 =>cout<<&a<<endl;// 300 cout<<p<<endl; cout<<*p<<endl; cout<<&p<<endl; } 300 p 500 pointer 50 a 300 pointee

13. Example: void main(){ int *p; int a=50; p = &a; cout<<a<<endl;// 50 cout<<&a<<endl;// 300 =>cout<<p<<endl;// 300 cout<<*p<<endl; cout<<&p<<endl; } 300 p 500 pointer 50 a 300 pointee

14. Example: void main(){ int *p; int a=50; p = &a; cout<<a<<endl;// 50 cout<<&a<<endl;// 300 cout<<p<<endl;// 300 =>cout<<*p<<endl;// 50 cout<<&p<<endl; } 300 p 500 pointer 50 a 300 pointee

15. Example: void main(){ int *p; int a=50; p = &a; cout<<a<<endl;// 50 cout<<&a<<endl;// 300 cout<<p<<endl;// 300 cout<<*p<<endl;// 50 =>cout<<&p<<endl;// 500 } 300 p 500 pointer 50 a 300 pointee

16. Example 2: void main(){ int *p; int a=50; cout<<*p<<endl; } What would be the output? Runtime error!!! p 500 pointer 50 a 300 pointee Crash!!!

17. Dangling Pointer int *p; Note: Dereferencing a dangling pointer is a serious runtime error. G p 500 pointer Dangling pointer

18. Problem: We can’t differentiate that whether a pointer is dangling or has a valid address. What’s the solution?

19. NULL Pointer int *p; p = NULL;// points to // nothing Tip:Always initialize a pointer with NULL if you don’t have a valid address. This can save a lot of your time on debugging. p 500 pointer

20. Example: void main(){ int *p = NULL; int a=50; p = &a; cout<<a<<endl; cout<<&a<<endl; cout<<p<<endl; cout<<*p<<endl; cout<<&p<<endl; }

21. Pointer Assignment  An assignment operation b/w two pointers makes them points to the same pointee.

22.  int a=50;  int * p;  p = &a;  int p2 = p; p 500 pointer 50 a 300 pointee p points to a 300 p2 200 pointer 300 Note: Pointer assignment only copies the address and not the memory they are pointing to.

23. Shallow Copy 300 p 500 pointer 50 a 300 pointee p points to a 300 p2 200 pointer

24. Problem with Shallow Copy 300 p 500 pointer 50 a 300 pointee p points to a 300 p2 200 pointer What if p delete a?

25. What is the solution to the problem?

26. Deep Copy 300 p 500 pointer 50 a 300 pointee p points to a 100 p2 200 pointer 50 a2 100 pointee

27. Pointer type and Arithmetic  What is type of pointer? int * p; A pointer has not type!!! It’s the type of variable the pointer p will point to.

28.  Why we need to specify the type of variable a pointer points to?

29. 1. int a=10; int *p = &a; *p = 4; // how many bytes of copy? It would be 1 byte in case a was a char.

30. 2. Pointer & Arrays int arr[ ]={5,6,7,8,4,3,5}; // size of arr? int *p = arr; // why & isn’t use before arr? cout<<arr<<endl;// 40 cout<<p<<endl;// 40 p=p+3; 5678435 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 40 p 500 pointer

31. 2. Pointer & Arrays int arr[ ]={5,6,7,8,4,3,5}; // size of arr? int *p = arr; // why & isn’t use before arr? cout<<arr<<endl;// 40 cout<<p<<endl;// 40 p=p+3; cout<<p<<endl;// 46 cout<<*p<<endl;// 8 5678435 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 40 p 500 pointer

32. Example 3: void main( ){ => int arr[ ]={5,6,7,8,4,3,5}; int *p = arr; cout<< arr<<endl; cout<<*arr<<endl; cout<<*(arr+4)<<endl; cout<<p<<endl; cout<<&p<<endl; cout<<*p<<endl; cout<<p[3]<<endl; cout<<p++<<endl; cout<<++*p<<endl; } 5678435 40 42 44 46 48 50 52

33. Example 3: void main( ){ int arr[ ]={5,6,7,8,4,3,5}; => int *p = arr; cout<< arr<<endl; cout<<*arr<<endl; cout<<*(arr+4)<<endl; cout<<p<<endl; cout<<&p<<endl; cout<<*p<<endl; cout<<p[3]<<endl; cout<<p++<<endl; cout<<++*p<<endl; } 5678435 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 40 p 500 pointer

34. Example 3: void main( ){ int arr[ ]={5,6,7,8,4,3,5}; int *p = arr; => cout<< arr<<endl;// 0x40 cout<<*arr<<endl; cout<<*(arr+4)<<endl; cout<<p<<endl; cout<<&p<<endl; cout<<*p<<endl; cout<<p[3]<<endl; cout<<p++<<endl; cout<<++*p<<endl; } 5678435 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 40 p 500 pointer

35. Example 3: void main( ){ int arr[ ]={5,6,7,8,4,3,5}; int *p = arr; cout<< arr<<endl;// 0x40 => cout<<*arr<<endl;// 5 cout<<*(arr+4)<<endl; cout<<p<<endl; cout<<&p<<endl; cout<<*p<<endl; cout<<p[3]<<endl; cout<<p++<<endl; cout<<++*p<<endl; } 5678435 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 40 p 500 pointer

36. Example 3: void main( ){ int arr[ ]={5,6,7,8,4,3,5}; int *p = arr; cout<< arr<<endl;// 0x40 cout<<*arr<<endl;// 5 => cout<<*(arr+4)<<endl;// 4 cout<<p<<endl; cout<<&p<<endl; cout<<*p<<endl; cout<<p[3]<<endl; cout<<p++<<endl; cout<<++*p<<endl; } 5678435 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 40 p 500 pointer

37. Example 3: void main( ){ int arr[ ]={5,6,7,8,4,3,5}; int *p = arr; cout<< arr<<endl;// 0x40 cout<<*arr<<endl;// 5 cout<<*(arr+4)<<endl;// 4 => cout<<p<<endl;//0x40 cout<<&p<<endl; cout<<*p<<endl; cout<<p[3]<<endl; cout<<p++<<endl; cout<<++*p<<endl; } 5678435 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 40 p 500 pointer

38. Example 3: void main( ){ int arr[ ]={5,6,7,8,4,3,5}; int *p = arr; cout<< arr<<endl;// 0x40 cout<<*arr<<endl;// 5 cout<<*(arr+4)<<endl;// 4 cout<<p<<endl;//0x40 => cout<<&p<<endl;//0x500 cout<<*p<<endl; cout<<p[3]<<endl; cout<<p++<<endl; cout<<++*p<<endl; } 5678435 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 40 p 500 pointer

39. Example 3: void main( ){ int arr[ ]={5,6,7,8,4,3,5}; int *p = arr; cout<< arr<<endl;// 0x40 cout<<*arr<<endl;// 5 cout<<*(arr+4)<<endl;// 4 cout<<p<<endl;//0x40 cout<<&p<<endl;//0x500 => cout<<*p<<endl;// 5 cout<<p[3]<<endl; cout<<p++<<endl; cout<<++*p<<endl; } 5678435 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 40 p 500 pointer

40. Example 3: void main( ){ int arr[ ]={5,6,7,8,4,3,5}; int *p = arr; cout<< arr<<endl;// 0x40 cout<<*arr<<endl;// 5 cout<<*(arr+4)<<endl;// 4 cout<<p<<endl;//0x40 cout<<&p<<endl;//0x500 cout<<*p<<endl;// 5 => cout<<p[3]<<endl;// 8 cout<<p++<<endl; cout<<++*p<<endl; } 5678435 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 40 p 500 pointer

41. Example 3: void main( ){ int arr[ ]={5,6,7,8,4,3,5}; int *p = arr; cout<< arr<<endl;// 0x40 cout<<*arr<<endl;// 5 cout<<*(arr+4)<<endl;// 4 cout<<p<<endl;//0x40 cout<<&p<<endl;//0x500 cout<<*p<<endl;// 5 cout<<p[3]<<endl;// 8 => cout<<p++<<endl;// 0x40 cout<<++*p<<endl; } 5678435 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 40 p 500 pointer

42. Example 3: void main( ){ int arr[ ]={5,6,7,8,4,3,5}; int *p = arr; cout<< arr<<endl;// 0x40 cout<<*arr<<endl;// 5 cout<<*(arr+4)<<endl;// 4 cout<<p<<endl;//0x40 cout<<&p<<endl;//0x500 cout<<*p<<endl;// 5 cout<<p[3]<<endl;// 8 cout<<p++<<endl;// 0x40 => cout<<++*p<<endl;// 7 } 5678435 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 40 p 500 pointer

43. Arrays of Pointer data_type *arr[size]; i.e. int *a[7]; char *c[7]; ******* 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 ******* 80 82 84 86 88 90 92

44. Uses:  Sharing & Cost saving  Pass-by-ref  Dynamic Memory Allocation  Making Complex Data Structures  Linked list, Tree etc.

45. 1. Sharing & cost saving void main(){ int a=5,b=8; swap(&a,&b); } void swap(int *a,int *b){ int t = *a; *a = *b; *b = t; }

46. 2. DMA void main(){ int size=0; int *p=NULL; cout<<“Enter No. of Students”<<endl; cin>>size; p = (int *)malloc(size*sizeof(int)); for(int i=0;i<size;i++){ cout<<“Enter St “<<i<<“ Marks”<<endl; cin>>p[i]; //= cin>>*p; p++; }

47. 3. Data Structures Data Pointer Data Pointer Data Pointer Data Pointer

48. References:  Pointer And Memory (http://cslibrary.stanford.edu/102/)http://cslibrary.stanford.edu/102/  Pointer Basics (http://cslibrary.stanford.edu/106/)http://cslibrary.stanford.edu/106/  http://www.cprogramming.com/tutorial/ c/lesson6.html http://www.cprogramming.com/tutorial/ c/lesson6.html  http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/C/node10.h tml