1. Carbon and Organic Molecules

2. Organic Molecules Organic molecules — compounds mostly found in living things and containing the element carbon. Ex. Carbohydrates, lipids. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

3. Fig. 4-1

4. Organic molecule origins Vitalism – organic molecules can only be made by living organisms. Mechanism -is the view that organic molecules can be created through physical and chemical means. Miller proved mechanism in an experiment. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

5. Fig. 4-2 Water vapor H2H2 NH 3 “Atmosphere” Electrode Condenser Cold water Cooled water containing organic molecules Sample for chemical analysis H 2 O “sea” EXPERIMENT CH 4

6. Why use carbon 4 reasons: -4 valence electrons, can form 4 bonds -can link together in chains, branches, or rings -can form single, double, or triple bonds -bonds with a variety of elements Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

7. Fig. 4-4 Hydrogen (valence = 1) Oxygen (valence = 6) Nitrogen (valence = 5) Carbon (valence = 4) H O N C

8. Fig. 4-3 Name Molecular Formula Structural Formula Ball-and-Stick Model Space-Filling Model (a) Methane (b) Ethane (c) Ethene (ethylene)

9. EthanePropane 1-Butene2-Butene (c) Double bonds (d) Rings CyclohexaneBenzene Butane2-Methylpropane (commonly called isobutane) (b) Branching (a) Length Hydrocarbons – only carbon and hydrogen

10. Isomers Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different shapes: – Structural isomers have different covalent arrangements of their atoms Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

11. Geometric isomers have the same covalent arrangements but their functional groups are in different locations Isomers

12. – Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror images of each other Isomers

13. Enantiomers are important in the pharmaceutical industry Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

14. Functional Groups Functional groups – They are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions. They give the molecules specific properties. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

15. The seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life: – Hydroxyl group – Carbonyl group – Carboxyl group – Amino group – Sulfhydryl group – Phosphate group – Methyl group Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

17. sugars

19. (Builds proteins)

20. Found in proteins

21. (fats)

23. ATP adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is the primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell ATP consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Adenosine

24. A phosphate group is removed from the ATP which releases energy The ATP then becomes (ADP)

25. A third phosphate group can be added back on to ADP so it become ATP again (recycling)

26. You should now be able to: 1.Explain how carbon’s electron configuration explains its ability to form large, complex, diverse organic molecules 2.Describe how carbon skeletons may vary and explain how this variation contributes to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules 3.Distinguish among the three types of isomers: structural, geometric, and enantiomer Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

27. 4.Name the major functional groups found in organic molecules; describe the basic structure of each functional group and outline the chemical properties of the organic molecules in which they occur 5.Explain how ATP functions as the primary energy transfer molecule in living cells Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings