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Marine Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
Chapter 9
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Marine Reptiles
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Skin covered with scales-prevents water loss
Eggs have leather shell to prevent water loss as well Ectotherm-body temperature fluctuates with environment
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Sea Turtles Only 8 species of sea turtles
Armor-like shell called a carapace Carapace fused to backbone Cannot retract head into shell Legs are modified flippers
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Leave water only to lay eggs-return to same location every 2-4 years
eggs laid at a time Eggs hatch after about 60 days incubation Eggs/young are easy prey
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Sea Snakes Approximately 55 species of sea snakes Ovoviviparous
Carnivorous- fish/fish eggs Closely related to cobras Venomous bite
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Rarely aggressive Small mouth Hunted for skin
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Other Marine Reptiles Marine Iguana-basks on rocks to warm up after a cold swim. Eats seaweed and can dive up to 33 ft.
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Saltwater crocodile-lives along the coast or in mangrove swamps in the Indian Ocean, Australia, and some Pacific Islands. Among the most aggressive of marine animals- more feared than sharks.
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Seabirds
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Endotherms- constant body temperature
Waterproof feathers (oil glands) to conserve body heat Nest on land but feed mostly at sea Webbed feet Some can fly
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Penguins Flightless-wings are modified flippers Spectacular swimmers
Clumsy on land Adapted to cold temperatures- layer of fat under skin; waterproof feathers All but one of 18 species live in Antarctica
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Galapagos penguin- equator
Larger penguins feed on fish/squid Smaller feed mostly on krill Male protects the egg for 64 days Female feeds chick by regurgitating her food until about 5 1/2 months
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Tubenoses Tube-like nostrils Beak curved at tip Skillful fliers Catch fish at surface or scavenge on dead birds/whales
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Male/female faithful to each other
Incubation of young- 8 months
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Pelicans Catch fish in pouch below beak
Cormorants- black, long necks, dive to pursue prey Frigate birds- narrow wings, forked tails, catch prey from surface or force other birds to regurgitate fish in mid-air
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Gulls Predators/scavengers
Eat fish, eggs, young, from garbage dumps, anything leftover from humans Tern is a type of gull that hovers over prey before swallowing it whole.
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Marine Mammals
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Endotherms Hair retains body heat Viviparous Has a placenta and mammary glands
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Seals, Sea Lion, & Walruses
Pinnipeds Have paddle shaped flippers for swimming Rest/Breed on land Predators (fish/squid) Layer of blubber under skin acts as insulation, provides buoyancy, and is a food reserve
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Males called bulls; females called cows
Main difference between a seal and sea lion- seal cannot move rear flippers forward Walrus has large tusks and feeds on invertebrates, mainly clams
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Sea Otters Smallest marine mammal Lack a layer of blubber
Dark brown fur attracts hunters Became almost extinct until protected in 1911 Playful and intelligent
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Spend most of time in water other than breeding and giving birth
Live around kelp Eat clams, mussels, crabs, sea urchins, and fish
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Manatees (Sea Cows) Front flippers only Gentle, peaceful
Live in groups Strict vegetarians Hunted for skin, meat, and oil Reproduce slowly- 1 calf every 3 years All 4 species in danger of extinction
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Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises are in a group called the Cetaceans
Spend entire life in water Breathe air- can drown “warm blooded” Produce milk for young
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Front flippers only Have a dorsal fin Blubber provides insulation Nostrils form a blowhole About 90 species, other than 5 species of freshwater species
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Two categories of cetaceans:
toothless, filter-feeding whales toothed, carnivorous whales
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Toothless, filter-feeding
better known as baleen whales baleen is a flexible, fibrous plate that hangs from upper jaw
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made of same material as hair and nails
feed by taking a mouthful of water and squeezing it through bristles- filter feed largest animals on earth two blowhole’s
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blue whale is the largest whale of all- males average 80 ft and females 110 ft
other types of baleen whales- fin, humpback, right, bowhead, gray
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Toothed, carnivorous teeth adapted for fish, squid, and other prey
teeth only used to catch prey- food is swallowed whole one blowhole largest of this group is the sperm whale
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material from squid beaks found in stomach called ambergris- used in perfume
killer whale is black/white and has a taste for seals, penguins, sea otters, and even other whales
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no confirmed cases of attacks on humans
Although small- dolphins and porpoises are whales
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Dolphins/Porpoises: Playful Social Easily trained Travel in “pods”
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Whaling- whale hunting:
In the 1600’s Europeans exploited whales Harpooned from small open boats- In 1800’s harpoons were attached to explosives Blubber provided oil for soap and lamps Killed for meat
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Whales have a very low reproductive rate (about 2-3 years) so this devastated the population
Some nations even developed ships that could process carcasses at sea. Blue whales were a prime target. One whale yielded 9000 gallons of oil.
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80% of the whales caught were sexually immature
80% of the whales caught were sexually immature. This added to decreasing number. nations developed the IWC (International Whaling Commission) to regulate over fishing IWC set annual quotas for the # of whales to be killed
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Demand for whale products decreased due to replacements, so in 1972 the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 banned all hunting of marine mammals. The affects of whaling are still being felt.
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