1. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 0

2. 1 Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues

3. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Objectives Identify and discuss the basic structure and function of the three major components of a cell. List and briefly discuss the functions of the primary cellular organelles. Compare the major passive and active transport processes that act to move substances through cell membranes.

4. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Objectives (cont’d.) Compare and discuss DNA and RNA and their function in protein synthesis. Discuss the stages of mitosis and explain the importance of cellular reproduction.

5. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Objectives (cont’d.) Explain how epithelial tissue is grouped according to shape and arrangement of cells. List and briefly discuss the major types of connective and muscle tissue. List the three structural components of a neuron.

6. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Chapter 3 Lesson 3.1

7. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Cells Size and shape –Human cells vary considerably in size –All are microscopic –Cells differ notably in shape

8. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Cells Composition –Cytoplasm containing specialized organelles surrounded by a plasma membrane –Organization of cytoplasmic substances important for life

9. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Cells Composition –Structural parts Plasma membrane –Forms outer boundary of cell –Thin, two-layered membrane of phospholipids containing proteins –Is selectively permeable

10. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Cells Composition –Structural parts Cytoplasm –Organelles »Ribosomes -May attach to rough ER or lie free in cytoplasm -Manufacture proteins -Often called protein factories

11. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Cells Composition –Structural parts Cytoplasm –Organelles »Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) -Network of connecting sacs and canals -Carry substances through cytoplasm -Types are rough and smooth -Rough ER collects and transports proteins made by ribosomes -Smooth ER synthesizes chemicals; makes new membrane

12. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Cells Composition – Structural parts Cytoplasm –Organelles »Golgi apparatus -Group of flattened sacs near nucleus -Collect chemicals that move from the smooth ER in vesicles -Called the chemical processing and packaging center

13. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Cells Composition – Structural parts Cytoplasm –Organelles »Mitochondria - Composed of inner and outer membranes - Involved with energy-releasing chemical reactions - Often called power plants of the cell - Contains one DNA molecule

14. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Cells Composition – Structural parts Cytoplasm –Organelles »Lysosomes -Membranous-walled organelles -Contain digestive enzymes -Have protective function (eat microbes) -Formerly thought to be responsible for apoptosis (programmed cell death)

15. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Cells Composition – Structural parts Cytoplasm –Organelles »Centrioles -Paired organelles -Lie at right angles to each other near nucleus -Function in cell reproduction

16. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Cells Composition – Structural parts Cytoplasm –Organelles »Microvilli -Small, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane -Increase absorptive surface area of the cell

17. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Cells Composition – Structural parts Cytoplasm –Organelles »Cilia -Fine, hairlike extensions found on free or exposed surfaces of some cells -Capable of moving in unison in a wavelikefashion

18. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Cells Composition – Structural parts Cytoplasm –Organelles »Flagella -Single projections extending from cell surfaces -Much larger than cilia -“Tails” of sperm cells only example of flagella in humans

19. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Cells Composition –Nucleus Controls cell because it contains the genetic code—instructions for making proteins, which in turn determine cell structure and function Component structures include nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, and chromatin granules 46 chromosomes contain DNA, which contains the genetic code

20. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Relationship of Cell Structure and Function Regulation of life processes Survival of species through reproduction of the individual

21. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Relationship of Cell Structure and Function Relationship of structure to function apparent in number and type of organelles seen in different cells –Heart muscle cells contain many mitochondria required to produce adequate energy needed for continued contractions –Flagellum of sperm cell gives motility, allowing movement of sperm through female reproductive tract, thus increasing chances for fertilization

22. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Movements of Substances Through Cell Membranes Passive transport processes do not require added energy and result in movement “down a concentration gradient”

23. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Movements of Substances Through Cell Membranes Diffusion –Substances scatter themselves evenly throughout an available space –It is unnecessary to add energy to the system –Movement is from high to low concentration

24. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Movements of Substances Through Cell Membranes Diffusion –Osmosis and dialysis are specialized examples of diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane –Osmosis is diffusion of water (when some solutes cannot cross the membrane) –Dialysis is diffusion of solutes

25. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Movements of Substances Through Cell Membranes Filtration –Movement of water and solutes caused by hydrostatic pressure on one side of membrane –Responsible for urine formation

26. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Movements of Substances Through Cell Membranes Active transport processes occur only in living cells; movement of substances is “up the concentration gradient”; requires energy from ATP

27. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Movements of Substances Through Cell Membranes Ion pumps –An ion pump is protein complex in cell membrane –Ion pumps use energy from ATP to move substances across cell membranes against their concentration gradients –Examples: sodium-potassium pump; calcium pump –Some ion pumps work with other carriers so that glucose or amino acids are transported along with ions

28. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Movements of Substances Through Cell Membranes Phagocytosis and pinocytosis –Both are active transport mechanisms because they require cell energy –Phagocytosis is a protective mechanism often used to destroy bacteria –Pinocytosis is used to incorporate fluids or dissolved substances into cells

29. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Movements of Substances Through Cell Membranes Several severe diseases result from damage to cell transport processes

30. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 29 Movements of Substances Through Cell Membranes Cystic fibrosis, characterized by abnormally thick secretions in the airways and digestive ducts, results from improper Cl – transport Cholera is a bacterial infection that causes Cl – and water to leak from cells lining the intestines, resulting in severe diarrhea and water loss

31. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 30 Chapter 3 Lesson 3.2

32. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 31 Cell Reproduction DNA structure—large molecule shaped like a spiral staircase; sugar (deoxyribose), and phosphate units compose sides of the molecule; base pairs (adenine-thymine or guanine- cytosine) compose “steps”; base pairs always the same but sequence of base pairs differs in different DNA molecules; a gene is a specific sequence of base pairs within a DNA molecule; genes dictate formation of enzymes and other proteins by ribosomes, thereby indirectly determining a cell’s structure and functions; in short, genes are heredity determinants

33. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 32 Cell Reproduction –Genetic information—stored in base-pair sequences on genes—expressed through protein synthesis –RNA molecules and protein synthesis DNA—contained in cell nucleus Protein synthesis—occurs in cytoplasm, thus genetic information must pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm Process of transferring genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm where proteins are produced requires completion of transcription and translation

34. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 33 Cell Reproduction – Transcription Double-stranded DNA separates to form messenger RNA (mRNA) Each strand of mRNA duplicates a particular gene (base-pair sequence) from a segment of DNA mRNA molecules pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where they direct protein synthesis in ribosomes and ER

35. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 34 Cell Reproduction –Translation Involves synthesis of proteins in cytoplasm by ribosomes Requires use of information contained in mRNA

36. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 35 Cell Reproduction Abnormal DNA that is inherited, or that results from damage from viruses or other factors, is often the basis of disease Cell division—reproduction of cell involving division of the nucleus (mitosis) and the cytoplasm; period when the cell is not actively dividing is called interphase

37. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 36 Cell Reproduction DNA replication—process by which each half of a DNA molecule becomes a whole molecule identical to the original DNA molecule; precedes mitosis Mitosis—process in cell division that distributes identical chromosomes (DNA molecules) to each new cell formed when the original cell divides; enables cells to reproduce their own kind; makes heredity possible

38. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 37 Cell Reproduction Stages of mitosis –Prophase—first stage Chromatin granules become organized Chromosomes (pairs of linked chromatids) appear Centrioles move away from nucleus Nuclear envelope disappears, freeing genetic material Spindle fibers appear

39. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 38 Cell Reproduction Stages of mitosis –Metaphase—second stage Chromosomes align across center of cell Spindle fibers attach themselves to each chromatid

40. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 39 Cell Reproduction Stages of mitosis –Anaphase—third stage Centromeres break apart Separated chromatids now called chromosomes Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of cell Cleavage furrow develops at end of anaphase

41. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 40 Cell Reproduction Stages of mitosis –Telophase—fourth stage Cell division is completed Nuclei appear in daughter cells Nuclear envelope and nucleoli appear Cytoplasm is divided (cytokinesis) Daughter cells become fully functional

42. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 41 Cell Reproduction Changes in cell growth and reproduction –Changes in growth of individual cells Hypertrophy—increase in size of individual cells, increasing size of tissue Atrophy—decrease in size of individual cells, decreasing size of tissue

43. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 42 Cell Reproduction Changes in cell growth and reproduction –Changes in cell reproduction Hyperplasia—increase in cell reproduction, increasing size of tissue Anaplasia—production of abnormal, undifferentiated cells Uncontrolled cell reproduction results in formation of a benign or malignant neoplasm (tumor)

44. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 43 Chapter 3 Lesson 3.3

45. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 44 Tissues Epithelial tissue –Covers body and lines body cavities –Cells packed closely together with little matrix –Classified by shape of cells Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Transitional

46. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 45 Tissues Epithelial tissue –Classified by arrangement of cells Simple Stratified –Simple squamous epithelium Single layer of scalelike cells Transport (e.g., absorption) is function –Stratified squamous epithelium Several layers of closely packed cells Protection is primary function

47. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 46 Tissues Epithelial tissue –Simple columnar epithelium Columnar cells arranged in a single layer Line stomach and intestines Contain mucus-producing goblet cells Specialized for absorption –Stratified transitional epithelium Found in body areas, such as urinary bladder, that stretch Up to 10 layers of roughly cuboidal-shaped cells that distort to squamous shape when stretched

48. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 47 Tissues Epithelial tissue –Pseudostratified epithelium Each cell touches basement membrane Lines the trachea

49. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 48 Tissues Epithelial tissue –Simple cuboidal epithelium Often specialized for secretory activity Cuboidal cells may be grouped into glands May secrete into ducts, directly into blood, and on body surface Examples of secretions include saliva, digestive juice, and hormones Cuboidal epithelium also forms the urine-producing tubules of the kidney

50. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 49 Tissues Connective tissue –Most abundant tissue in body –Most widely distributed tissue in body –Multiple types, appearances, and functions –Relatively few cells in intercellular matrix

51. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 50 Tissues Connective tissue –Types Areolar—glue that holds organs together Adipose (fat)—lipid storage is primary function Fibrous—strong fibers; example is tendon Bone—matrix is calcified; function is support and protection Cartilage—chondrocyte is cell type Blood—matrix is fluid; function is transportation

52. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Tissues Muscle tissue –Types Skeletal—attaches to bones; also called striated or voluntary; control is voluntary; striations apparent when viewed under a microscope Cardiac—also called striated involuntary; composes heart wall; ordinarily cannot control contractions Smooth—also called nonstriated (visceral) or involuntary; no cross striations; found in blood vessels and other tube-shaped organs

53. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 52 Tissues Nervous tissue –Cell types Neurons—conducting cells Glia (neuroglia)—supportive and connecting cells

54. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 53 Tissues Nervous tissue –Neurons Cell components –Cell body –Axon (one) carries nerve impulse away from cell body –Dendrites (one or more) carry nerve impulse toward the cell body –Function—rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions

55. Copyright © 2007, 2005, 2002, 1997, 1992 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 54 Tissues Tissue repair—usually accomplished by means of regeneration of tissue –Epithelial and connective tissues regenerate easily –Muscle and nervous tissues have very limited abilities to repair themselves