1. Defining and Measuring Stress
Chapter 5

2. WHAT IS STRESS? RESPONSE TO INCREASED DEMAND A NEGATIVE EMOTION
A MOTIVATOR
THE CAUSE OF ILLNESSES

3. Cognitive Processing
Appraisal
Response
Physiological
Cognitive
Affective
Stressor
Event
Behavior
Coping

4. THE STRESSOR COULD BE ANY STIMULUS LIFE EVENTS DAILY HASSELS
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE
LIFE EVENTS
DAILY HASSELS

5. COGNITVE PROCESSING - APPRAISAL
LAZARUS POPULARIZED THE IDEA OF APPRAISAL
OUR INTERPRETATIONS DICTATE WHAT IS STRESSFUL
BASED ON PERCEIVED THREAT

6. TYPES OF APPRAISAL PRIMARY SECONDARY The initial appraisal
Appraisal of coping ability
Options
Self-efficacy
Outcome Expectancy

7. THE RESPONSE PHYSIOLOGICAL COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE FIGHT OR FLIGHT
BEHAVIORAL INHIBITION SYSTEM (BIS)
COGNITIVE
WORRY
RUMINATION
FOCUS
AFFECTIVE
TENSE
SAD/HURT
OVERWHELMED
PUMPED

8. PHYSIOLOGY OF STRESS DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
NEUROENDOCIRNE SYSTEM
ADRENOCORTICAL RESPONSE
ADRENOMEDULLARY RESPONSE

10. Figure 5.1 (p. 100) Divisions of the human nervous system.

11. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
CONTROLS MOBILIZATION OF BODIES RESOURCES – FIGHT/FLIGHT RESPONSE

12. THE EFFECTS OF ANS SYMPATHETIC PARASYMATHETIC INCREASE DECREASE
HR, RESPIRATION, BP, GLUCOSE UTILIZATION, BLOOD TO MUSCLES
DECREASE
IMMUNE SYSTEM , DIGESTIVE FUNCTIONS
PARASYMATHETIC
RETURN TO BASELINE
RELAXATION DIGESTION
PUPILLARY CONSTRICTION
SALIVA FLOW
NEAR VISION

13. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

15. NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND HORMONES

16. SUMMARY OF STRESS RESPONSE
STESSOR IS APPRAISED AS HARMFUL/THREAT
HYPOTHALAMUS RELEASES CRF
PITUITARY RELEASES ACTH
AC – RELEASES CORTISOL
+ENERGY +FOCUS - IMMUNE
AUTONOMIC NEURONS TRAVEL TO AM AND SECRETE Ach
AM - RELEASES E AND NE
INIATES AND DRIVES FIGHT/FLIGHT

18. The Effect of Chronic Stress Over Time: The General Adaptation Syndrome

19. SOURCES OF STRESS ENVIRONMENT OCCUPATION RELATIONSHIPS CROWDING
POLLUTION
NOISE
URBAN PRESS
OCCUPATION
RELATIONSHIPS

20. MEASURING STRESS PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIAL MEASURES LIFE EVENTS SCALES
HORMONE LEVELS BP HR
GSR
LIFE EVENTS SCALES
EVERYDAY HASSELS SCALE

21. Coping Emotion Focused Coping Problem-Focused Coping
Coping w/the response
Problem-Focused Coping
Changing the appraisal
Changing the event

22. EVENT
Problem Focused
Coping
APPRAISAL
RESPONSE
Emotion Focused
Coping

23. Theories of Coping: Problem- & Emotion- Focused
Lazarus & Folkman (1984) (Strategy)
Problem-Focused
Emotion-Focused
Resolve cause of problems
Managing emotional impact of problem
Seeking info. Going to GP Think of options Devise plan Change job
Talk to friends Going shopping Drinking Relaxing Avoidance

24. Who Uses Which? High perceived controllability Females Adolescents+
Problem-Focused
Emotion-Focused
Relationship problems
Males
Low perceived controllability
Children
Work problems
Low resources

25. Effectiveness of Coping Strategies
Effectiveness of coping strategy relates to the nature of the problem
A flexible approach is better than rigid use of specific style
Many studies indicate that problem-solving is overall a better strategy

26. Global Factors Influencing Coping: Social Support
Social Support –Material and emotional support from others
Emotional
Instrumental
Informational
Structure
Social Network
Marriage
Social Isolation
Gender Differences – Tend and Befriend
Women seek more
Women give more
Stronger effects on health for women

27. Social Support and Health
The Data
Studies in different states and countries support the link
Correlational
The mechanism
Encouragement - Compliance
Appraisal coping
Buffering hypothesis

28. Just Thinking About Support Helps
For this study, “undergraduates (41 men, 41 women) wrote about supportive ties or casual acquaintances. Supportive ties were rated as warmer and less controlling than acquaintances, and writing about them evoked reductions in negative affect, especially for low-hostile participants," the researchers said.
"Compared with the acquaintance condition, the supportive tie condition resulted in reduced heart rate and blood pressure response during a subsequent speech stressor” among low-hostile participants.
Mental activation of supportive ties, hostility, and cardiovascular reactivity to laboratory stress in young men and women. Health Psychology, 2004;23(5):

29. Mobilizing Social Support
Qualities of Effective Social Support
Emotional Sharing
Cooperation
Increasing Social Support
Improve Existing Networks
Support Groups

30. Global Factors Influencing Coping: Personal Control
Internal vs. External Locus of Control
Internal is better
Perceived Control
Higher is better
Langer and Rodin (1976)
Nursing home residents
Personal control increased physical and mental health status