1. Psychology of Learning EXP4404 Chapter 7: Punishment Dr. Steve

2. Topics Covered  Positive & Negative Punishment  Variables Affecting Punishment Contingency Contiguity Intensity Opposing Reinforcers  Theories of Punishment  Problems with Punishment  Alternatives

3. Types of Punishment  Positive Punishment (Type I)  Negative Punishment (Type II or Penalty Training)

4. Variables Affecting Punishment  Contingency

5.  Contiguity Variables Affecting Punishment

6.  Punisher Intensity Variables Affecting Punishment

7.  Progressive increase of intensity - Variables Affecting Punishment

8.  Progressive increase of intensity - Group 1 Mild Shock 335 volts Trial 1 Trial 750 Group 2 No Shock 335 volts Trial 1 Trial 750 Rats run at same pace Rats running is inhibited

9.  Previous and Concurrent Reinforcement of Punished Behavior Variables Affecting Punishment

10.  Punishment works best when it is: Variables Affecting Punishment

11.  Alternative Sources of Reinforcement – Variables Affecting Punishment

12.  Disruption Theory (Skinner & others) –  Passive Avoidance type theory Theories of Punishment

13.  Two Process Theory Theories of Punishment

14.  One Process Theory (Thorndike & others) –  Law of Effect Premack Principle applied to punishment Theories of Punishment

15. Why Punish? Lovaas study with autistic children Freq of self- destructive acts 100 200 300 400 Day 115161718192021222324 No PunishmentShock + “No”“No”

16. Criticisms of Punishment  Skinner and others often opposed the use of punishment because:

17. Problems with Punishment  Escape/Avoidance  Aggression  Apathy  Abuse  Imitation of Punisher

18. Alternatives to Punishment  Response Prevention  Extinction  Differential Reinforcement DR0 – differential reinforcement of zero responding DRL – diff reinf of low rate DRI – diff reinf of incompatible behavior

19. Reinforcement (pos or neg) vs Punishment (Type I or II)? 1. Police pulling drivers over and giving prices for buckling up 2. Suspending a basketball player for committing a flagrant foul 3. A soccer player rolls her eyes at a teammate who delivered a bad pass 4. A child snaps her fingers until her teacher calls on her 5. A hospital patient is allowed extra visiting time after eating a complete meal 6. Receiving a city utility discount for participating in a recycling program 7. Grounding a teenager until his or her homework is finished 8. Scolding a child for playing in the street 9. A prisoner loses TV privileges for one week for a rule violation 10. A parent nagging a child to clean up her room 11. A rat presses a lever to terminate a shock or a loud tone 12. A professor gives extra credit to students with perfect attendance 13. A dog is banished to his doghouse after soiling the living room carpet 14. A prisoner is “water boarded” until he confesses 15. A young child receives $5 for earning good grades in school 16. A mother smiles when her child utters “Mama” 17. A child is put into “time out” for misbehaving 18. Employee of the month gets a reserved parking space 19. At a party, a husband becomes sullen when his wife flirts with a colleague 20. A woman watching a football game offers her child candy to play quietly