1. Alcuin of York (c. 735-804), influential Saxon scholar and advisor on education and religion Einhard (c. 770-840), Frank educated at Fulda, friend and advisor Palace School

2. Paul the Deacon (c. 720-c. 800), Italian poet and historian Peter of Pisa, who taught Charlemagne Latin Theodulf of Orleans (c. 750-821), biblical scholar, poet, hymnist from Visigothic Kingdom, promoter of manuscript illumination Palace School

3. trivium: grammar, logic, rhetoric quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy Map Link: The Caliphate in 750: <http://www.shadowedrealm.comlib/images/medieval/http://www.shadowedrealm.comlib/images/medieval/ maps/map066.jpgmaps/map066.jpg>

4. 789 Charlemagne issues order requiring schools to be established, instructs abbot of Fulda to promote learning Monasteries as centres of learning, with Benedictine Rule

5. Louis the Pious (r. 813-40) Hraban Maur (c. 780-856), Abbot of Fulda: Bible commentary (incl. Church Fathers) Walafrid Strabo (c. 808-849): Glossa Ordinaria

6. Monasteries in communication Carolingian Renaissance Latin poetry, monastic chronicles, hagiographies (saints’ lives), biographies

7. John Scotus Eriugena (c. 810-77): Neoplatonism and Christianity First Cause/ One nous/Intellect Soul

8. Charlemagne: Iconoclasm 716-17 Last failed Muslim siege of Constantinople 730 Leo III (r. 717-41) issues iconoclastic decree, orders destruction of icons Pope Gregory III (p. 731-41) condemns iconoclasm

9. Charlemagne: Iconoclasm 780-97/797-802 Regency/reign of Irene, who attempts to restore veneration of icons Charlemagne seeking middle ground

10. Gottschalk of Orbais (c. 803-c. 868): Predestination

11. Manuscripts Architecture: T-shaped churches, octagonal palace chapel at Aachen

12. Corbie: Carolingian/Caroline Miniscule Alcuin, when abbot of St Martin at Tours: scriptorium “On scribes, that they should not write corruptly”

13. Emphasis on preservation and transmission: Of learning Of uniform Christian practice Of correct Vulgate (Latin) Bible (Alcuin) Of correct school curriculum Of correct monastic practices

14. c. 700 Burying of goods with dead ceases Preference for prayers for the dead Popularisation of endowments in 8th century, necessitating reactions from rulers