1. Sound Recording and Popular Music Chapter 3

2. “We’ve put a lot of work into making the iPod a part of on-the-go living.” —Steve Jobs, Apple CEO, 2006

3. Youth, Music and Repression 1700s: waltz viewed as “savage” 1800s: tango viewed as primitive, sexual – banned in Argentina – attacked by the French clergy 1920s: the Charleston vilified 1950s and ‘60s: rock and roll decried as too sexual – The King’s “pelvis”

4. Development Stages Novelty Entrepreneurial Consumer marketing – Recurring themes

5. Early History of Recording de Martinville, France, 1850s Edison, U.S., 1877 Berliner, U.S., 1880s Victor Talking Machine, USA, 1900s Radio gets an edge over recording industry, 1920s

6. History cont. Edison’s wax cylinders Berliner and vinyl records Magnetic audiotape (Germany, 1940s) Stereo sound (1950s) Digital recording (1970s) Compact discs (1980s) DVDs (1990s) MP3 and music piracy issues (now)

7. “Our best guess, is that for every legal song download there are 75 illegal downloads.” —Gene Munster, music industry analyst, 2006

8. Records and Radio 1914: ASCAP founded to collect copyright fees for music writers and publishers. 1924: Radio competition cut record sales in half. However, costs of royalties forced many radio stations off the air. Radio and the recording industry join forces in the 1950s.

9. U.S. Pop Music “Music should never be harmless.” —Robbie Robertson of The Band Pop music starts as low culture. – It appeals to the masses. Likewise blues, country, Tejano, salsa, jazz, rock, reggae, rap, hip-hop, easy listening, and more

10. Rock Music Divides and Joins High and low culture – Chuck Berry’s “Roll Over Beethoven” – Sinatra vs. Elvis Masculine and feminine Black and white North and South Sacred and secular – Ray Charles’s gospel origins

11. Cover Music and Racism Dick Clark promotes white covers of black music. Elvis listed as co-writer Pat Boone “king of cover music” Little Richard outsings Boone. Ray Charles gets #1 with white cover.

12. Payola Scandals Payola – The practice of record promoters paying deejays to play their songs on the air Alan Freed ruined Congressional hearings in 1959 – 1998: Promotional strategy called pay-for-play emerged

13. “The white boy who sang colored” 1950’s sees radio losing programming to TV. Creates void filled by rock and roll Led by R&B penetration (25% by 1953) Overtly sexual lyrics Declining segregation – Elvis – Alan Freed (Cleveland deejay)

14. Crossover Heroes Bill Haley and the Comets (R&B) Johnnie Ray (R&B) Chuck Berry (country) ex. “Maybellene” Ray Charles plays in a white band Southern music (gospel and country/folk) regains cultural respectability after CW. Delta blues, rockabilly, Hooker and Holly

15. The Times They Were a Changin’ The 1960s The British Invasion Vietnam War Motown

16. Oh brother where art thou? Broadly, folk music = songs performed by untrained musicians and passed down through oral traditions Considered a democratic and participatory form Folk music was popularized by radio and by grassroots activists like Woody Guthrie, who championed peace and social justice.

17. The Sound of Music Recording industry generates more revenue than all other media except TV. – Hence the panic over piracy GLOBAL OLIGOPOLY: – Four corporations control most of industry worldwide.

18. Ownership Four corporations at the top: – Universal (31.8%) – Sony BMG (26%) – Warner Music (14.9%) – EMI (9.1%) And the Indies (18.2%)

19. Media Giant

20. Making Recordings Artist development (A&R agents) Technical facilities: technical production specialists Sales and distribution – Direct retail – Music clubs – Internet sales Advertising and promotion – Radio – MTV Administrative operations

21. The Artist’s Cut An artist with a typical 11% royalty rate makes about $1.80 on a $16.98 CD and sells 500,000 copies.

22. Free Expression and Democracy How can popular music uphold a legacy of free expression while resisting co-optation by giant companies?