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Survey of Organisms in Microbiology
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Taxonomy of infectious agents and parasites
Kingdoms example of organisms included Monera bacteria Protista protists, protozoa Fungi molds, yeasts Animalia helminthes, arthropods Non-living agents Viruses vary by nucleic acid type, capsid and envelope Prions vary by tertiary structure and AA sequence
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Bacteria Group Example Genus Gram positive bacteria
High GC Mycobacterium Low GC Bacillus Proteobacteria alpha Rickettsia beta Bordetella gamma Escerichia delta epsilon Helicobacter Spirochaetes Borrelia Other groups
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Protists Group Common name Example Mastigophora flagellates Giardia
Apicomplexa sporozoans Plasmodium Sarcodina amoebas Entamoeba Ciliophora ciliates Balantidium
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Fungi Deuteromycota- fungi imperfecta Ascomycota- sac fungi
Although many are multicellular, some fungi (yeasts) are unicellular
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Flat worms (Platyhelminthes)
Cestodes - tapeworms Trematodes- flukes
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Tapeworms (Cestodes) Ingestion of feces Ingestion of meat
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Trematodes feces Ingestion of aquatic vegetation or penetration of larvae
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Nematodes (round worms)
Some representatives of major groups Hookworms –penetration Pinworms-ingestion inhalation Whipworms and Trichinella-ingetsion of meat Ascaris worms- ingestion of feces Guinea worms- ingestion of water and vector Filarial worms-insect bite
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Arthropods Insects-flies, bugs, lice, fleas, roaches
Arachnids-ticks and mites Crustaceans- barnacles, copepods Note: some of the above are vectors, some are parasites, some are both
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Diseases caused by arthropods
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Arthropods:Insects Pediculosis- louse infestation with Pediculus humanis (body), P. capitis (head) or Pthirus pubis (crab louse) chigoe Tunga penetrans
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Insects Siphonaptera-fleas Diptera-flies Nematocera
Ceratopogonidae-no-see-ums, sand gnats Culicidae-mosquitoes Psychodidae-sand flies Simuliidae-blackflies Brachycera Tabanidae-horse and deer flies Cyclorrhapha Muscidae-houseflies Glossinidae-tetse flies Miscelaneous families-Botflies, blowflies, bottleflies Hemiptera-bugs Reduviidae-conenose (kissing) bugs Cimicidae-bed bugs Dictyoptera Blattidae-roaches Anoplura-sucking lice
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Myiasis Fly maggots can be facultative or obligate parasites, the resulting diseases are collectively called myiasis Squirrel bot fly: Cuterebra emasculator
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Artrhopods: Mites (including ticks)
Arachnida Acari Ixodidae-hard ticks Argasidae-soft ticks Laelapidae-hematophagous mites Dermanyssidae-hematophagous mites Demodicidae-follicle mites Trombiculidae-chiggers Sarcoptidae-scabies mites Ticks
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Ticks Ticks are important vectors
Some species also cause tick paralysis American dog tick Lone star tick Black legged tick (deer tick)
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Scabies mites Sarcoptes scabiei
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Other Mites Follicle mites Demodex spp.
Chiggers Eutrombicula alfreddugesi
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Viruses Classified by nucleic acid type
Divided into Orders (sometimes), Family, Genus, ad Species Ex. Rhabdoviridae, Lissavirus, Rabies Virus
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Viral nucleic acids dsDNA ssDNA dsRNA (+)RNA (-)RNA
RNA viruses often carry RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase
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Prions Infectious proteins
Normally found on surface of mammalian cells Abnormal secondary and tertiary structures Resistant to heat and radiation Long ‘incubation’ period
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Prion “replication” Normal protein transformed from helices to beta pleated sheets
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