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Chapter 4: Ecosystems and Communities
4-1 The Role of Climate
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Climate Climate: long-term, averages, over entire biome
Weather: short-term, local day to day Greenhouse Effect It’s a good thing! CO2, H2O, CH4 all trap heat and hold it next to the surface Keeps the temp suitable for life Solar Energy
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The Effect of Latitude on Climate
Earth has 3 climate zones due to unequal heating because of the angle of the sun. Most intense heating is near the equator. Polar Temperate Tropical
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Heat Transport Ocean and wind currents help produce Earth’s climates
The ocean is a huge heat sink for the earth. Currents and winds are affected by land masses and Earth’s rotation
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4-2 Niches and Community Interactions
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The Niche Niche – Where and How something lives; its role
Habitat is the organism’s address Niche is the organism’s occupation
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Dendrobates tinctorius dyeing poison dart frog
Contributors Matt Jolman (author), Michigan State University. James Harding (editor), Michigan State University. References Obst, F The completely illustrated atlas of reptiles and amphibians for the terrarium. Neptune City, NJ: T. F. H.. Walls, J Jewels of the rainforest. NJ: THF. An analysis of niche Poison Dart Frog – discovery Camouflage
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What defines a niche? Where it lives What it eats What eats it
How it reproduces Humid, wet habitats; on or close to ground (skin is not waxy enough to prevent dehydration) South America Tadpoles eat almost anything Adults = insectivores; ants termites, spiders Few predators – poisonous Eggs laid on land, male fertilizes directly over top and then carry the nearly hatched tadpoles on his back to water.
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What defines a niche…cont…
What nutrients it needs Movement Range of tolerance How it interacts with others/abiota Role it plays in energy flow and nutrient cycling Needs natural diet to create poisons. Toxins not produced on captive diets (lack alkaloids) Finger & toe tips have glandular adhesive pads that enable climbing 70-80F, 60% humid, 10hr light, Cl-free water Stands out b/c it’s poisonous Respires through skin, consumer (omnivore)
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COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS Problem: 2 niches overlap
WHAT IS YOUR SOLUTION? Migrate Change feeding habits Adapt behavior Suffer a sharp population decline Become extinct in that area What type of species overcome this more easily? Generalists or Specialists? generalist
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Phrased another way: I want something that you want…
Will we compete? Will I eat you? Will we work together some how? In nature, there are 3 basic types of interactions… Competition Predation Symbiosis Phrased another way…
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Community Interactions
Competition Organisms compete for resources Ex: Food, Mates, Shelter Competitive Exclusion Principle – no 2 organisms occupy same niche at same time. Predation One organism (predator) captures and feeds on another (prey).
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Community Interactions
Symbiosis Mutualism – both benefit Ex: Flowers & insects Egrets & Alligators Clown Fish & Sea Anemone Commensalism – one benefits, the other is not helped or harmed Ex: Barnacle & Whale Parasitism – one benefits, other is harmed Ex: tapeworms, fleas, ticks, lice
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Community Interactions
Symbiosis Mutualism – both benefit Ex: Tapeworm Commensalism – one benefits, the other is not helped or harmed Ex: Parasitism – one benefits, other is harmed Ex: tapeworms, fleas, ticks, lice Species Interactions
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Examples of Symbiosis
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Invasive vs. Native Species Indicator Species Keystone Species
Specialty Niches Invasive vs. Native Species Indicator Species Keystone Species
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Invasive Species Purple loosestrife & Kudzu
Introduced by accident (zebra mussels like quaga mussel in life after people and green crab); introduced on purpose (ornamental loosestrife & kudzu to control erosion in the southeast but took over) Purple loosestrife & Kudzu Carcinus maenus, the European Green Crab, was introduced to North America in the 1800's. This predator now ranges from Nova Scotia to Delaware.
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3 examples: Macquarie Island / Pythons/Asian Carp
(to 6:30)
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Native Species
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Indicator Species Indicates the health of the ecosystem
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Keystone Species Kelp forest Sea Otter Dung Beetle
A keystone species is a species that plays a critical role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community and whose impact on the community is greater than would be expected based on its relative abundance or total biomass. Kelp forest Sea Otter Dung Beetle
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Foundation Species species that create habitats for themselves and a wide range of other species
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4.3 ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms 4.3 ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION
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What is succession? TIME
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Is Disturbance a Good Thing?
Life is always changing and then responding to that change. Plant (& therefore animal) species are constantly being replaced with more complex species This is called ecological succession
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Arrange the pics in the correct order…
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Ecological Succession
Primary OR Secondary Succession? Depends on starting conditions: Is there any soil present? Does not matter if life had been there previously or not
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PRIMARY SUCCESSION Lifeless beginnings Starts WITHOUT SOIL. Examples:
Bare rock exposed by glaciers or severe erosion Newly cooled lava Abandoned highway or parking lot Newly created shallow reservoir
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PRIMARY SUCCESSION Life begins with PIONEER SPECIES Hardy, small
Population grows quickly Grow close to the ground Ex: bacteria, moss, lichens
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SECONDARY SUCCESSION Starts WITH SOIL.
start from roots or seeds remaining or seeds carried in by wind or animals Examples: Abandoned farms Heavily polluted streams Ponds from dams or flooding
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Succession of Plants Pioneer species make an area suitable for more plants A process called “facilitation” Early successional species Can withstand little nutrient availability A little taller than pioneers: small herbs, grass
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Plant succession continued
Mid-successional species Need more fertile soil w/ moisture Must wait for some decomposition Tall grass & low shrubs, eventually sun-loving trees Late-successional species Need deep, fertile, moist soil Slow growth rate shade tolerant trees
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Climax Community Succession is unpredictable
While it generally proceeds from small to tall, each disturbance is unique and each pioneer is unique…leading to unique community developments The most mature community is called the climax community
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Primary on top, secondary on bottom: difference is soil starting point
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Disturbances can lead to opportunity for others
Hurricanes… In S. Fla. the Everglades depend upon the periodic hurricanes for the continued existence of the mangrove. Why? Primary or secondary? Importance of Mangroves
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PUT IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION
POND SUCCESSION Review PUT IN ORDER OF SUCCESSION 40
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M&M’s Weather vs. Climate
Red = Warm and Sunny Yellow = Warm and cloudy Green = Cool with light rain Blue = Cold with steady rain Orange = Hot, sunny Brown = Hot very humid and sunny
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