1. Lesson 1 1. The telescope and the microscope enabled scientists to make the direct observations of nature that disproved old ideas. These observations led to the questioning of other long-held beliefs. 2. In the Middle Ages, they believed in the geocentric Ptolemaic system, in which the universe was a series of ten concentric spheres. Earth was at a fixed point in the center of the universe, and heavenly bodies of pure light rotated around it.

2. Lesson 2 3. Their goal was to change the world, and their movement did affect our lives. The ideas of the Enlightenment led to changes in how people thought about the role of citizens in government, women in daily life, and the place of religion in society. 4. Smith believed government should provide a national defense, defend its citizens from injustice, and keep up public works like roads.

3. Lesson 3 5. Austria and Prussia were still fighting over Silesia. Russia saw Prussia as a major threat, so it joined the new alliance between France and Austria. Since Britain and France were competing over colonial empires, the British allied with Prussia. 6. Catherine II did not implement Enlightenment ideas, because she couldn't risk losing the support of the Russian nobility. Her actions led to even worse conditions for the peasants, and when they rebelled, she halted all rural reform and expanded serfdom.

4. Lesson 4 7. The Constitution created a federal system in which states share power with the national government, which is divided into three branches. The Bill of Rights also serves as a check on government power. 8. The first country to help the colonists was France, which provided arms and money as well as officers and soldiers for the rebel army. Later Spain and the Dutch Republic entered the war. All of these countries wanted to weaken the British Empire and get revenge for losses in earlier conflicts.

5. 21st Century Skills 9. Copernicus theorized a heliocentric universe. Kepler confirmed that Earth revolves around the sun and that the planets' orbits are elliptical. Galileo discovered that heavenly bodies are made of material substance. Newton's universal law of gravitation explains why heavenly bodies move in elliptical orbits. Taken together, the four scientists' discoveries proved Ptolemy's theories wrong. 10. The Declaration of Independence was the first document in history in which an entire nation formally claimed its right to choose a government. Some of its contents were inspired by the British Bill of Rights and based on the natural rights proposed by John Locke. In turn, the declaration became a model for emerging democracies around the world.

6. Exploring the Essential Question 11. Your word webs should include moving toward democracy and individual freedom, questioning governmental and religious authorities, and pursuing secular arts. They should show lines connecting "rational criticism" to "politics" and "religion" and connecting "rights for all" to "democracy."

7. Document-Based Questions 12. Locke's definition is that freedom means following the same laws as everyone else, with the laws having been made by representatives of the people. 13. He thinks the will of a king is inconstant, uncertain, unknown, and arbitrary. He probably acquired his distrust of kings from his personal experience and observation of the mistakes made by English monarchs and Oliver Cromwell when he ruled as a military dictator.

8. Extended-Response Questions 14. The belief in natural rights came from the Scientific Revolution's recognition of natural laws and its valuing of reason. It was strengthened by the Enlightenment belief that Newton's methods could be used to discover the natural laws underlying all areas of human life and by the rational criticism of politics, religion, economics, and other areas. The next step was the recognition that everyone, even women, had natural rights and the articulation of what those rights were. Natural laws were described in the U.S. Declaration of Independence in 1776,

9. Chapter Summary The late sixteenth century were a time of great intellectual advances and achievements in Europe. This chapter described the Scientific Revolution and its effects on Europe; the relationship between the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment ideas; the influence of Enlightenment ideas on politics; and how the American Revolution and the formation of the United States embodied the ideals of the Enlightenment.

12. Reviewing the Enduring Understanding How would you define "rationalism"? Rationalism is the belief that reason is the best source of knowledge or the best tool to use in evaluating experience or making judgments.

13. Reviewing the Enduring Understanding Do you believe that reason is the best guide in examining and making judgments in all areas of human experience? In some areas, such as the arts, our emotions have a significant role to play.

14. Reviewing the Enduring Understanding In what sense is the physical world like a great machine? The physical world is like a machine because it operates according to certain laws.

15. Reviewing the Enduring Understanding Should education foster or restrict the natural instincts of children? To be successful, a system of education would have to do both.

16. Reviewing the Enduring Understanding What should the role of the government be in a nation's economy? Government has a significant role to play in the economy, but the economy should be allowed to function free of government interference.