1. World of Insects Characteristics, Orders, and Collecting

2. What You Should Know About Insects …

3. WHY STUDY INSECTS? Entomology: study of insects More importantly, entomology exists as a separate discipline because of the impact of insects on humans

4. Evidence for Dominance of Insects –At least 80% of all animals are insects More than 900,000 described species –probably between 3-10 million actual species –Insects inhabit virtually all terrestrial habitats exceptions are arctic, Antarctic, and peaks of very high mountains –Feed on all types of organic matter phytophagous, predaceous, parasitic, saprophagous WHY STUDY INSECTS? Phytophagous: Feeding on plants, including shrubs and trees. Predaceous: Living by seizing or taking prey; predatory Parasitic: Living on another organism. Saprophagous: Feeding on decaying matter.

5. Taxonomy Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Arthropoda Class - Insecta

6. Insects Are Arthropods Insects are the largest group of Arthropods Jointed appendages (bendable) Segmented bodies Exoskeleton of Chitin that must be molted to grow Related to spiders, ticks, scorpions, millipedes, crustacean s

7. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS Three body regions – head, thorax, and abdomen One pair antenna (head) Six legs or 3 pairs (thorax) One-two pairs of wings (thorax)

9. Count the Legs! SIX THORAX There are ALWAYS SIX legs, and they are attached to the THORAX

10. Antenna One Pair on head Jointed Sensory (smell) Called “feelers” Filiform most common shape (segments = size) May be modified FILIFORM

11. Antenna Modifications

12. Wings or No Wings Most adults have 2 pairs Called forewings and hindwings Some insects are wingless (silverfish, fleas, some termites and ants)

13. More on Wings A network of Veins strengthens wing s MEMBRANEOUS (clear) WINGS

14. Some Wings Are Covered With Powdery Scales BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS

15. Wings May Be Modified Order Diptera (flies) 2 nd pair of wings modified into HALTERES Used for balance Makes flies hard to catch!

16. Beetle Wings Hard Forewing called Elytra Meet in straight line down the abdomen Membranous hindwings folded underneath (flight) ELYTRA

17. CIRCLE THE INSECTS

18. INSECT ORDERS INSECTS WITH WINGS

19. Why Can’t I Call All of Them Bugs? EVERY BUG NOT ALL INSECTSEVERY BUG is an insect, but NOT ALL INSECTS are bugs! HEMIPTERATrue BUGS are in the Order HEMIPTERA Posterior thorax is triangular; called SCUTELLUMPosterior thorax is triangular; called SCUTELLUM Last 3 rd of wing CLEARLast 3 rd of wing CLEAR

20. Which of these are BUGS? ALL

21. More Hemipterans Assassin Bug Giant Water Bug Leaf Hopper Water Boatman

22. Coleoptera beetles Called beetles exoskeleton Tough exoskeleton Elytra Forewings called Elytra Fly with membranous hindwings Larva called grubs Rhinoceros beetle Cucumber beetle Ladybird beetle

23. Ephemeroptera MayfliesCalled Mayflies aquaticnaiadsJuveniles are aquatic; called naiads Adults found near water & don’t feedAdults found near water & don’t feed Adults reproduce & die in 24 hoursAdults reproduce & die in 24 hours Soft bodies with 2 long Ceri (tail fibers)Soft bodies with 2 long Ceri (tail fibers) ADULT NAIAD

24. Diptera mosquitoes fliesContains mosquitoes & flies One pairOne pair functional wings halteresClub-shaped halteres for balance hairyBodies often hairy Green Bottle fly Hover Fly Fruit Fly Aedes Mosquito

25. Dermaptera earwigsCalled earwigs flatLong, flat bodies ForcepsForceps (pincers) on end of abdomen Short, hard forewingsShort, hard forewings (membranous wings folded underneath mandiblesLarge jaws (mandibles) on head EARWIG EATING CATERPILLAR PINCERS

26. Orthoptera Grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, katydidsGrasshoppers, locusts, crickets, katydids longVery long bodies jumpingRear legs modified for jumping Females with egg laying tube (ovipositor on end of abdomen) Often communicate with chirping sounds

27. Lepidoptera Moths, butterflies, & skippersMoths, butterflies, & skippers SiphoningSiphoning mouthparts coiled under head Powdery scalesPowdery scales on wings flatButterflies fold wings flat above body at rest Mothsnight activeMoths are night active Important plant pollinators

28. Neuroptera LacewingsLacewings Net veinedNet veined wings Small, delicate insects Long antennaLong antenna Predators on other insects May feed on nectar

29. Thysanoptera ThripsThrips fringed wingsTwo pairs of fringed wings plant sapFeed on plant sap

30. Isoptera TermitesTermites coloniesLive in colonies woodFeed on wood Soft bodiesSoft bodies & short antenna CastesCastes – workers, soldiers, kings, and queen

31. Mecoptera Scorpion fliesScorpion flies abdominal segments curvedLast abdominal segments curved like scorpion narrow wingsTwo pairs of narrow wings beak (rostrum)Head elongated into a beak (rostrum) LongLong antenna

32. Homoptera Cicadas, leaf hoppers, wingless aphidsCicadas, leaf hoppers, wingless aphids roof like membranousIf wings present, held roof like over body & membranous Piercing-suckingPiercing-sucking mouthparts Aphids Cicada Leafhopper

33. Odonata Dragonflies & damselfliesDragonflies & damselflies Dragonflies perpendicularDragonflies hold clear wings spread perpendicular to body at rest Damselflies together over abdomenDamselflies hold clear wings together over abdomen

34. Plecoptera StonefliesStoneflies Aquatic nymphsAquatic nymphs adults short livedAerial adults are short lived drumming soundMake drumming sound to find mates

35. Hymenoptera Bees, ants, waspsBees, ants, wasps Narrow waiNarrow waist connects thorax & abdomen Abdomen curvedAbdomen curved downward stingerMay have stinger on end of abdomen Carpenter bee Red ant Yellow jacket

36. INSECT ORDERS WINGLESS INSECTS

37. Thysanura Called Silverfish Found around houses or outside under stones or wood Fast runners Damage books Secretive and active at night. Flat, long bodies Long antennae Three, long, tail like appendages

38. Siphonaptera FleasFleas EctoparasitesEctoparasites Bodies laterally compressed hind jumping legsEnlarged hind jumping legs Very short antenna

40. Collembola springtailsCalled springtails Small & soft bodied FurculaFurcula (jumping mechanism) on abdomen folds under the bodyFurcula folds under the body at rest decaying plant materialFound in decaying plant material

41. Anoplura Sucking liceSucking lice ParasitesParasites of mammals smallVery small Headbody liceHead and body lice are examples Attracted to children’s fine hair Carry disease

42. Mallophaga Biting liceBiting lice birds & mammalsExternal parasites on birds & mammals Broad headBroad head & flattened body Feed on dead skin, feathers, and fur

43. Metamorphosis CHANGE IN FORM FROM EGG TO ADULT

44. Incomplete INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOUS Insects change shape gradually!

45. Complete Metamorphosis Four stages that all look different

46. Amorphic Insects SpringtailsSilverfish

47. Insects with Complete Metamorphosis ColeopteraColeoptera (beetles) HymenopteraHymenoptera (bees, ants, wasps) Diptera LepidopteraDiptera (flies) Lepidoptera (butterflies) EGG  LARVA  PUPA  ADULT

48. Insects with Incomplete Metamorphosis SiphonapteraSiphonaptera (fleas) IsopteraIsoptera (termites) OrthopteraOrthoptera (grasshoppers & crickets) HemipteraHemiptera (true bugs) HomopteraHomoptera (cicadas & hoppers) EGG  NYMPH  ADULT Wings NOT fully developed