1. KM3NET 24 September 2004 Gerard van der Steenhoven (NIKHEF)

2. What is KM3NET? Design study for a Deep Sea Facility in the Mediterranean for Neutrino Astronomy and Associated Sciences Objective: develop cost-effective design of a 1 km 3 neutrino telescope (~ 200 M EUR) Participants from existing collaborations: + …

3. KM3NET: participating countries

4. Outline Purpose of km 3 -detector –Neutrino Astronomy: identify point sources –Particle Physics: dark matter searches The KM3NET project –Basic concept –Count rates –Work packages –Challenges Outlook Gamma-Ray Bursts Active Galactic Nuclei

5. Purpose of km 3 -detector Astrophysics ( -astronomy): –Identify point sources –Composition of jets –Origin of cosmic acceleration –Diffuse fluxes Particle physics: –Dark Matter searches: Neutralinos, Monopoles –Origin of UHE-cosmic rays –Neutrino oscillations (extra) galactic -sources Neutralino search:  → +…

6. Neutrino Astronomy Consider distant sources of radiation: –Supernovae,  Quasars, GRBs, AGNs, …. Effect of interstellar medium: –High-energy EM radiation is (partly) absorbed –Protons are bent – can be traced back to the source  p

7. Active Galaxy (e.g. M87) Black hole with 10 8 x mass of sun  10 4 ly extra-galactic Microquasar (SS433 etc.) Black hole with  mass of sun  1 ly galactic Possible neutrino point sources Supernova remnant (Crab nebula)

8. Composition and origin of jets GRBs, Microquasars, Pulsars, AGNs,…. Ideas and proposed schemes: GRB 971214 Crab SS433 -  Quasar

9. Origin of cosmic acceleration Black Hole ? Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) Black Hole is possible engine of AGN, but no presently available EM wavelength gives direct access to center of AGN Optical and radio emission of AGN [AGN luminosity ~ 10 10 x luminosity of the sun]

10. Evidence for Dark Matter Rotation of galaxiesGravitational lensesMicrowave background

11. Dark Matter: where to find it? Gravitational capture of  ’s: Annihilation of neutralinos: in Earth, Sun, or Galactic Centre:                             Hard neutrino spectrumSoft neutrino spectrum → directionally sensitive trigger ++

12. Annihilation of dark matter in the sun neutralino sun earth Dark Matter Searches

13. Origin of high energy cosmic rays  ~ E -2.7 Scientific issues: How to get info: –Protons are bent… –High energy  ’s ? → What is the origin of (U)HE cosmic rays? GZK limit: 5 x 10 19 eV → Data beyond GZK limit: new physics?

14. The absorption of HE gamma’s High-energy  ’s interact with IR, CMB, Radio:  +Radio  +IR  +CMB Local Group 3C279 Galactic Center Mrk421 p  ee p  →  → For 10 12 < E  < 10 22 eV photons cannot travel further than 100 Mpc → Search for neutrinos with E > 10 12 eV : 10 12 – 10 16 eV: upward  10 16 – 10 21 eV: downward  Unique feature KM3NET: access to UHE neutrinos

15. Atmospheric neutrinos Observation of  -s: –  regeneration effect –observe secondary  with energy > 10 7 GeV (Most  -s with E > 10 7 GeV are screened by the Earth!) Neutrino Oscillations [Bugaev, Sokalski & Shlepin, Astropart. Phys., 2004]

16. p p  KM3NET: basic concept Underwater Cerenkov detector of ~ 1 km 3

17. Expected rates: diffuse fluxes Waxman-Bahcall Limit for extra- galactic sources: ~ 250 ev/yr/km 2 NT-200 DUMAND W&B MPR + NT-200 AMANDA-II/ANTARES IceCube/KM3NeT AMANDA-B10 GRB atmospheric neutrinos Mannheim et al: refinement of WB-limit + individual src-s. Total expected diffuse rate:  20 x ANTARES ~ 100.000 per year

18. Compare to – MACRO limits –  -quasar est. ( Distefano et al., 2000 ) – GRB estimate ( Razzaque et al., 2003 ) KM3NET has best sensitivity Expected rates: point-like sources KM3NET 1 yr

19. Expected rates: dark matter  annihilation in the sun to WW (100% BR) Scattered points: mSUGRA parameter space for various   h 2 combinations   : neutralino density (wrt to critical density); h: dimensionless expansion rate

20. KM3NET versus ICECUBE Complementary sky views * : Angular resolution: Energy threshold: (*) ANTARES location provides a sky coverage of 3.5  sr and an instantaneous common view with AMANDA of 0.5  sr, and about 1.5  sr common view per day. The Galactic centre is visible 2/3 of the time. KM3NET ICECUBE galactic centre KM3NET ICECUBE 0.1 deg 0.5 deg 1 TeV 10 TeV

21. The KM3NET project Design requirements: –Effective volume: 1 km 3 (> 20 x ANTARES) –Angular resolution: 0.1 deg (1/2 x ANTARES) –Energy threshold: 1 TeV (and pointing 100 GeV) –Field of view: 4  –Source tracking (M Bouwhuis) → from satellites: Milestones: –Conceptual design report –Technical design report Financial request: –9976 kEUR

22. KM3NET work packages 1.Management (Erlangen, D) 2.Astroparticle Physics (IN2P3, Fr) 3.Physics Analysis (Patras, Gr) 4.System Engineering (Saclay, Fr) 5.Information Technology (FOM, NL) 6.Deep-Sea Infrastructure (INFN, It) 7.Sea-surface Infractructure (NESTOR, Gr) 8.Risk assessment (INFN, It) 9.Resource exploration (NCSR, Gr) 10.Associated science (Aberdeen, UK)

23. Dutch involvement Personel: –UvA: P. Kooijman, E. de Wolf –NIKHEF: M. de Jong, G. van der Steenhoven –KVI/RuG: Projects: –Coordination WP5 ‘Information Technology’ –Calibration procedures, off-line event selection –PMT readout, design optical module Financial support: –696 kEUR (~7% of total budget request)

24. KM3NET Challenges Design: –Simplify off-shore electronics (‘all-data-to-shore’) –Separate detection and calibration functionalities Production model: –Start construction at end of design study –Multiple production and assembly lines –Pressure and shallow water tests at prod. sites –Transport and deployment ‘as is’ Site selection: –France, Italy or Greece

25. KM3NET Design Design: –ANTARES too expensive! –Simplify electronics: All-data-to-shore Increase reliability low power –Optimize optical module: Many small PMTs?? Few connectors –Separate detection and calibration functionalities –Towers  lines Antares Design

26. KM3NET Production Model Estimated size of the production: –100.000 PMTs –10.000 optical modules –400 detector units (“lines”) –40 calibration units Start of data taking: 2012 –Start design study: 2006 –Start of production: 2009 Production time of 3 years 5 – 6 production sites are needed 150 / day 15 / day 12 / month 1.5 / month

27. 4100m 2400m 3400m ANTARES NEMO NESTOR KM3NET: site selection

28. KM3NET: outlook Status proposal: –approved by EU; negotiations in 2005 –expected starting date: january 2006 Activities in the Netherlands: –initial discussions on planning design work –initiate discussions with funding agencies