1. How Social Investments Can Increase Wellbeing Jon Kvist Roskilde University Edinburgh, June 16, 2014

2. The Goal of the Welfare State? 1To create a room where everybody can develop their human potential OR 2The sum of all public welfare policies OR 3Public policies aimed at developing the human capital of the population

4. Parents Offspring Intergenerational transmission Capital Economic Cultural Social NOT NECESSARILY THE SAME PICTURE FOR PENALTY AND PREMIUMS NOT NECESSARILY THE SAME PICTURE FOR BOYS AND GIRLS

5. Skill formation Insurance to promote risk taking Safety net to ameliorate poverty The Social Investment Circus

6. The intergenerational contract Children and youth Working agedOld age people T +1 T T +2

8. Example childhood policies directed at children, families and companies Children – Childcare: availability, affordability, quality – Childcare: general and targeted (disadvantaged, solo parents, mainly women) Families – Cash – Councelling – Time Companies – Reconcile work and family life – Combat gender discriminatory practices

9. Child Care Models Affordable Availability Quality Employment gap of mothers: DK 1.9 %-point, UK – 16.4, DE -18.4 UK: 10% not available, 4% insufficient quality, 73% too expensive DE: 25% not available, 31% too expensive

11. Young people not in employment AND not in education OR training NEET Rates, 15-24 years Source: Eurostat (2013)

12. Euro Age Men Women

14. Example: Combatting gender stereotypes in early years Increase men’s time with children More children in childcare More men in female dominated jobs Curricula and awareness in childcare

15. There are additional important dimensions: Skills Ethnicity Spatial stuff  advantage and disadvantages tends to compound, i.e. intersectionality matters (e.g. gender, age, skills, and etnicity)

16. Concluding remarks Social investments can improve wellbeing and equality Men: more and better participation in the family + men in female dominated jobs Women: better use of human capital in the market -> less discrimination + credits for care and birth Both: fighting gender stereotypes + more, cheaper and better childcare Theoretically frame: dynamic, multi-dimensional outcomes, configurational policy packages, intersectional target groups End result: less gender inequalities, more wellbeing

17. Thanks for your attention!