1. Post WWI to Pearl Harbor

2. Japan: WWI

3. China: WW1 China falling into disarray (torn apart by imperialism…unequal treaties, sovereignty, internal conflict) 1914-Japan, as an ally of France and England, seized German territory in China (want foreign influences out) China enters WWI (w/ Entente) under belief…return of Shandong **China sent 140,000 laborers to France to help with the war effort.

4. Treaty of Versailles Both China and Japan expected to gain from the Treaty. Japan was given the control of Shandong – a province that Germany had controlled before the war. * even though promised to China *Chinese reps ignored by “Big 3” *Wilson’s self-determination overlooked * Japan appeased…need support for league of nations

5. Shandong, China

6. May Fourth Movement 1919 Started by students in China in response to Shandong (workers & merchants join) Goals: Nationalism, progress, patriotism, science, democracy, and freedom Opposed to: Imperialism, feudalism, war lords, autocracy, patriarchy, and blind adherence to tradition Two opposing forces (Nationalists & Communists join together for good of nation)

8. Communists vs. Nationalists

10. Nationalists…New Life movement Mix of Confucianism and Social Darwinism Fascist practices…militarization of daily life Sacrifice for the nation Dress code for women Condemnation of casual sex Campaign against spitting/urination/smoking Saw peasants as backwards Didn’t see revolutionary potential White Wolf Communists use this to their advantage

11. Japan’s Conquests :Expansionist Goals 1931-36 Manchuria Jehol & Appeasement *Rise of militarism (unsanctioned attacks and Seizures) * condemned by L.O.N (Japan withdraws) Reign of Terror in Japan (promotes national religion and divine nature of the Emperor Hirohito) 1937 Conquest of China *goal New Asian Order (who better) *said they were anticolonial and pan-Asian *An “Asia for Asians” *But in reality…(demands resources, racial purity, forced labor /prostitution)

12. Further expansion in Asia? Germany’s swift occupation of Western Europe… Leaves the colonies of the occupied at Japan’s mercy 1940-Pact with Germany 1941- Japan occupies French Indochina Makes demands on Dutch East indies for oil & Rubber Chief threat to expansion in Pacific is US (interests in China, Philippines, etc) U.S threatens sanctions if they will not retreat to pre 1931 borders… (Japan needs U.S oil & iron) * dilemma….give up SE Asia’s resources or US’s resources (decision= attack U.S & Euro colonies)

14. Japan’s conquest of Manchuria –anti Japanese sentiments and boycotts by Chinese * Mid 30’s begin to extend to Northern China * Chiang decides to appease them (govern the North) b/c sees Communists as bigger threat * 1936…ends communist threat focuses on Japan * 1937…Clash in Beijing leads to full scale conflict Rape of Nanjing (Japan takes the capital) Japanese Conquest of China

15. Up to 100 women a day were kidnapped, raped and killed. By the end of the war (1945) 80,000 “women had been raped, sexually mutilated, and murdered.” This information is largely the result of Western and Japanese journalists working in Nanjing at the time of the occupation. Source: www.centurychina.com Rape of Nanjing

20. Japanese Conquest

21. Japan’s Goals Japanese diplomat declared that “Japan was fighting for two goals: to prevent Asia from falling completely under the white man’s domination, as in Africa, and to save China from communism.” The Rising Sun, John Toland, page 48

22. US Concerns SF Chronicle suggested that it was: “ a pressing world-wide issue as to whether the high- standard Caucasian races or the low-standard Oriental races would dominate the world.” America condemns Japanese expansion into SE Asia Japan’s reaction is that the Japanese takeover of Manchuria (bandit infested) is no different than US intervention in the Caribbean. The Rising Sun, John Toland, page 55

23. Negotiations US and Japan negotiated from the summer of 1941 until the end of November of that year. While negotiating, Japan had a fallback position that they would attack in the beginning of Dec, 1941. May have been able to reach agreement if both sides had believed the other US expected Japan to attack in SE Asia (Thailand, Singapore). Did not expect direct attack on American territory such as Philippines or Guam, and certainly not on Hawaii. Source: The Rising Sun by John Toland.

24. Japan and the United States Pearl Harbor http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nt13c3olXkU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqbAzj8SVIA&feat ure=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqbAzj8SVIA&feat ure=related Japanese expectations: other war victories 1894 and 1904