1. PingER Project Arguably the world’s most extensive active end-to-end Internet Performance Project –Digital Divide emphasis –Partially funded by MoST, US State Department Last three years a joint development effort of SLAC & NIIT Many NIIT students cut their teeth on it, many papers, presentations Results: –Highly successful –Identified & quantified rates of improvement for regions/countries How far behind, catching up, falling behind Many presentations to funding agencies, politicians, NRENs, recommendations –Case studies identified: fragility of e2e connections, last mile congestion problems, inefficient routing

2. PingER Methodology Internet 10 ping request packets each 30 mins Remote Host (typically a server) Monitoring host > ping remhost Ping response packets Measure Round Trip Time & Loss Data Repository @ SLAC Once a Day Uses ubiquitous ping

3. Architecture Monitor hosts send 21 pings each 30 mins to Remote Hosts and cache results Archive hosts gather data daily, save, analyze & make results available publicly via web

4. PingER Deployment PingER project originally (1995) to measure network performance for US, Europe and Japanese HEP community Extended this century to measure Digital Divide: –Collaboration with ICTP Science Dissemination Unit http://sdu.ictp.it http://sdu.ictp.it –ICFA/SCIC: http://icfa-scic.web.cern.ch/ICFA-SCIC/ http://icfa-scic.web.cern.ch/ICFA-SCIC/ Monitor 44 sites in S. Asia >120 countries (99% world’s connected population) >30 monitor sites in 14 countries

5. Divides into 2 –India, Maldives, Pakistan, Sri Lanka –Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Afghanistan Weekend vs. weekday indicates heavy congestion Time Series results

6. Unreachability All pings of a set fail ≡ unreachable Shows fragility, ~ distance independent Developed regions US, Canada, Europe, Oceania, E Asia lead –Factor of 10 improvement in 8 years Africa, S. Asia followed by M East & L. America worst off Africa NOT improving US & Canada Europe E Asia C Asia SE Europe SE Asia S Asia Oceania Africa L AmericaM East Russia Developed Regions Developing Regions

7. World thruput seen from US Behind Europe 6 Yrs: Russia, Latin America 7 Yrs: Mid-East, SE Asia 10 Yrs: South Asia 11 Yrs: Cent. Asia 12 Yrs: Africa South Asia, Central Asia, and Africa are in Danger of Falling Even Farther Behind Throughput ~ 1460Bytes / (RTT*sqrt(loss)) (Mathis et al)

8. Conclusions Last mile problems, network fragility, poor routing Decreasing use of satellites, expensive, but still needed for many remote countries in Africa and C. Asia Africa ~ 10 years behind and falling further behind, leads to “information famine” Africa big target of opportunity –Growth in # users 2000-2005 200%, Africa 625% –Need more competitive pricing Fibre competition, government divest for access, low cost VSAT licenses Consortiums to aggregate & get better pricing ($/BW reduces with BW) –Need better routing - IXPs –Need training & skills for optimal bandwidth management Internet performance correlates strongly with UNDP & ITU development indices –Increase coverage of monitoring to understand Internet performance

9. Application to PERN Place PingER monitoring node(s) inside PERN –V. modest host, trivial install –Add traceroute/landmark server for geolocation PERN configures to monitor to border routers &/or to end hosts at sites (e.g. site web servers) Currently gathers data daily, analyze, present via SLAC/FNAL NIIT/SLAC plans to develop front end to analyze/visualize results on real time basis using cached data & RRD/smokeping

10. perfSONAR: Next Generation Network Monitoring Partnership of Internet2 (US), GEANT (EU), ESnet (US), RNP (Brazil) –Plus in the US: SLAC, U Delaware, GATech –13 EU related NREN deployments of perfSONAR

11. Why is this hard? Internet very diverse, hard to find “invariants, phone models do not work Constantly changing both short and long-term –Changes are not smooth but usually in steps, findings may be out of date No central organization –Scientific communities span multiple organizations in many countries –Typical path requires crossing at least 5 administrative domains (campus, regional, backbone, regional and campus) –Domains are autonomous Measurement not high on vendor’s priorities ISP’s concerned about privacy, competitive advantage, public embarrassment Diagnosis hard: –Convince ADs there is a problem and that they could/should help –Need multiple pieces of information from multiple sources (ends, multiple middles…), with no coordinating body –Gets even harder for layer 2 networks

12. New Proposal to Address Widespread demand for net info by: –Researchers to know how network is performing –Advanced net apps such as Grids (e.g. place data) –Net Ops staffs to diagnose problems –Education Flexibility in extracting net performance data, needed since –Network changes quickly, diagnostic data is moving target –New tools, metrics and types of analysis are constantly developed –Lack of effective ways to share performance data across domains

13. perfSONAR Infrastructure Provide/Enable Measurement Points and Archives Provide Authentication/Authorization Provide registration, discovery & distributed lookup services Provide open set of protocols + reference implementation for cross-domain sharing of network measurements –Common performance middleware –Open Grid Forum NMWG = extensible XML data representation –All development is open source to encourage widespread development, deployment, ownership & involvement Early framework prototypes deployed in Europe, N and S America (Brazil), also adopted by LHC

14. Next Steps Develop scalable, distributed, redundant Federated Lookup Service (like DNS) Integrate common, existing authentication management into perfSONAR Design and build the Resource Protector to implement policy Provide specific, useful example diagnostic services as high quality examples (e.g. for traceroute, ping, one-way delay, SNMP, Layer-2 link services etc.) Provide a Topology service to provide layer-2 & 3 interconnection information Promote perfSONAR to research community –Students get reliable data from perfSONAR, request on demand measurements, provide new analyses Turn into hardened/production quality distributable code

15. Impact NRENs & Customers R&E relies on reliable networking. –Debugging problems across domains extraordinarily difficult today, increased switched networks will make harder. PerfSONAR enables divide and conquer between end & intermediate points: –provides easy access to relevant data enables on demand measurements –reduces need to coordinate multi-domain admins (scientist > local net admin > Regional net admin Backbone admin > …), telephone tag, explaining –Reduces participants, hours, days, frustration etc

16. Benefits Pakistan Better understanding of customer experience and needs: –utilization, use patterns, event detection, problem diagnosis, planning Development of better measurement tools, analysis, visualization Pakistan part of major international community of NRENs, a partnership of users and providers –In Europe, U.S. and S. America –Worldwide R&E people demanding better services Pakistan research & education access to data to analyze

17. Benefits Education NIIT/SLAC proven track record delivering results –6 students, all will return to Pakistan –3 at SLAC now –1 In Silicon valley start-up, 1 in Oxford, 1 returned to NIIT to pursue PhD Students get exposure to National Lab and world leading researchers Courses at Stanford Hands on exposure to production high speed networks such as are planned for Pakistan

18. One Big Challenge Elegant graphics are great to understand problems BUT: –Can be thousands of graphs to look at (many site pairs, many devices, many metrics) –Need automated problem recognition AND diagnosis So developing tools to reliably detect significant, persistent changes in performance –Initially using simple plateau algorithm to detect step changes Provide reliable alerts Automatically partially diagnose events –Gather info from routers, monitors etc and eliminate less likely causes

19. What do we want from you Now: –Installation and administration of PingER monitoring host (s) inside PERN –Installation & admin of traceroute/landmark servers in major PERN PoP/cities –Chairman HEC asked for proposal to HEC for perfSONAR, will embed PERN requirements in proposal –PERN needs to partner with NIIT/SLAC Discuss Contributions from PERN Later: –Deployment of Measurement Points within PERN

20. Additional Slides

21. More information/Questions Acknowledgements: –Harvey Newman and ICFA/SCIC for a raison d’etre, ICTP for contacts and education on Africa, Mike Jensen for Africa information, NIIT/Pakistan for developing valuable tools, Maxim Grigoriev (FNAL), Warren Matthews (GATech) for ongoing code development for PingER, USAID MoST/Pakistan for development funding, SLAC for support for ongoing management/operations support of PingER PingER –www-iepm.slac.stanford.edu/pinger, sdu.ictp.it/pinger/africa.htmlwww-iepm.slac.stanford.edu/pinger sdu.ictp.it/pinger/africa.html Human Development –http://www.gapminder.org/http://www.gapminder.org/ Case Studies: –https://confluence.slac.stanford.edu/display/IEPM/Sub- Sahara+Case+Studyhttps://confluence.slac.stanford.edu/display/IEPM/Sub- Sahara+Case+Study –http://sdu.ictp.it/lowbandwidth/program/case-studies/index.htmlhttp://sdu.ictp.it/lowbandwidth/program/case-studies/index.html

22. Costs compared to West Sites in many countries have bandwidth< US residence –“10 Meg is Here”, www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=104415 www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=104415 Africa: $5460/Mbps/m –W Africa $8K/Mbps/m –N Africa $520/Mbps/m Often cross-country cost dominates cf. international 1 yr of Internet access > average annual income of most Africans, Survey by Paul Budde Communnications

23. UNDP Human Development Index (HDI) A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth Knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirds weight) and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio (with one-third weight) A decent standard of living, as measured by GDP per capita. Africa PingER - Strong Correlation - Non subjective - Quicker / easier to update

24. Med. & Africa vs HDI N. Africa has 10 times poorer performance than Europe Croatia has 13 times better performance than Albania Israel has 8 times better performance than rest of M East Med. Countries E. Africa poor, limited by satellite access W. Africa big differences, some (Senegal) can afford SAT3 fibre others use satellite Great diversity between & within regions

25. Digital Access Index (DAI): Infrastructure availability, Affordability of access, Education, Quality of ICT, & Internet usage Europe, E Asia (except China), Oceania top right Israel & Singapore with top group Middle East in middle, Iran poorest Africa bottom left S. Asia split: Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh with Africa India, Pak, Sri Lanka better Strong positive linear correlation, C Asia

26. DAI & S. Asia

27. Why does it matter: Business G8 specifically pledged support for African higher education and research by “Helping develop skilled professionals for Africa's private and public sectors, through supporting networks of excellence between African's and other countries' institutions of higher education and centres of excellence in science and technology institutions” Saturating western markets High growth IT markets: BRIC NOT business as usual –New business models –Distinct needs –Dearth of distribution channels Traditional MNC Business Model >$20K per year 75 to 100 million people Some MNCs >$1,500 - 20K per year 1.5 to 1.75 billion people Local Firms <$1,500 per year 4 billion people Future Opportunity? Prahalad and Hart Karen Coppock RDVP, Stanford

28. Experimental Alerting Have false positives down to reasonable level (few per week), so sending alerts to developers Saved in database Links to traceroutes, event analysis, time-series

29. Normalized for Details Note step changes Africa v. poor S. Asia improving N. America, Europe, E Asia, Oceania lead