1. Case Studies Berg Ch. 10

2. Researcher Skills Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Inquiring mind Ability to listen Adaptability and flexibility Understanding of the issues Unbiased interpretation of data

3. Types of Case Studies Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Intrinsic—better understanding of a particular case Instrumental—focus on single issue or concern Collective—extensive study of several instrumental cases

4. Case Study Design Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Exploratory—prelude to a large social scientific study Explanatory—causal studies Descriptive—establishes an overall framework

5. Case Study Typology Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Snapshot Longitudinal Pre-Post Patchwork Comparative

6. Organizational Case Study Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Systematic information gathering Insight into the life of the organization  Relationships, behaviors, attitudes, motivations, stressors

7. Community Case Study Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Geographically delineated unit of larger society Provides awareness of community occurrences  Why and how things occur Interest groups Social Classes

8. Other Qualitative Methods: Unobtrusive (Non-Reactive) Methods Berg Ch. 8, 9, and 11

9. Unobtrusive Measures Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Archival Strategies  Use of Public Archival Records  Use of Private Archival Records Physical Erosion Accretion

10. Human Traces as Data Sources Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Erosion Measures  Evidence indicating selective wear Accretion Measures  Deposits over time; natural trace elements

11. Public Archives Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Running record  Provides large quantities of inexpensive data  Nonreactive to the presence of investigators  Standard format

12. Types of Public Archives Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Commercial Media Accounts  Written, drawn, or recorded materials produced for general or mass consumption newspapers, DVDs, maps

13. Public Archives (cont.) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Actuarial Records  Produced for special or limited audiences  Available to the public under certain circumstances birth records, application information

14. Public Archives (cont.) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Official Documentary Records  Produced for special or limited audiences  Organizational records, files, and communications police reports, financial records, Video records

15. Private Archives Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Created for smaller more specific audiences  Unsolicited documents—discovered naturally by the investigator  Solicited documents—requested by investigators

16. Private Archives (cont.) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Autobiographies Diaries and Letters Home movies and videos Artistic and creative artifacts

17. Autobiographies Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Comprehensive Autobiography  Spans the life from earliest recall to time of writing Topical Autobiography  Fragmented picture or excision from subjects life Edited Autobiography  Researchers edit and provide commentary

18. Historical Research Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Understand the historical nature of phenomena, events, people, agencies and institutions Historiography  systematic reconstruction of the past

19. Data Sources in Historical Research Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Primary Sources  oral or written testimony of eyewitnesses  Can consist of Photographs Documents Recordings Diaries

20. Data Sources (cont.) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Secondary Sources  oral or written testimony of people not immediately present  Can consist of Textbooks Oral histories Newspaper stories

21. Data Sources (cont.) Tertiary Sources  presentation or collection of primary or secondary sources  For example: Almanacs Bibliographies Encyclopedias

22. Steps of Historical Research Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Identify an idea Conduct a literature review Refine the research questions Select historiography Identify primary and secondary sources Confirm authenticity and accuracy Analyze the data

23. Evaluation of Primary Sources Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 External Criticism--Authenticity  Who wrote the source?  What was the intended audience?  Historical context? Internal Criticism-Accuracy  What does it mean?  Why was it written?

24. Oral Histories Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Combination of case study and historical research Narrative access to real-life experiences and memories Involves depth interviews with individuals who have been present or experienced an event that is now part of recorded history

25. Content Analysis Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Systematic and objective Manifest Content  physically present and countable elements Latent Content  interpretive reading of underlying meaning

26. What to Count… Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Words Themes Characters Paragraphs Items Concepts Semantics

27. Coding in Content Analysis Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Ask the data a specific and consistent set of questions Analyze the data minutely Frequently interrupt the coding to write a theoretical note Never assume the analytic relevance of any traditional variable

28. Interrogative Hypothesis Testing Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Make a rough hypothesis Search for negative cases Examine all relevant cases Revise hypothesis as necessary

29. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2010 Strengths:  Virtually unobtrusive  Cost effective  Trend identification over time Weaknesses:  Limited to examining already recorded messages  Ineffective for testing causal relationships Strengths and Weaknesses of Content Analysis