1. Teachers, Schools, and Society A Brief Introduction to Education David Miller Sadker Karen R. Zittleman 7.0 Chapter 7F

2. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 7.1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100% 102030405060708090100 Percentage of students in school who are Black or Latino Percentage of schools with majority in poverty

3. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 7.2 Source: Digest of Education Statistics, National Center for Educational Statistics Common Core Data, “National Public Education Financial Survey,” U.S. Department of Education, 2000-01.

4. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.  Property Taxes- on owned land, dates back to colonial times when 95% people of country were farmers (now 2%) – how common schools were funded.  Mills – tax of $1 per each $1000 of assessed value of property. For example, if 10 mills had been voted and approved on a house assessed at $100,000 – tax would be $1000/year  Problem – Compare 100 kids living in a rural area with no significant business inexpensive homes; with 100 kids living in an area with two furniture factories, Wal-Mart, a nuclear plant and expensive homes. Inequity  U-tube video “Corridor of Shame” 7.3

5. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.  Sales Tax  Income Tax Supplemental Income  Lottery – gambling  Pay to Play  Categorical Grants – Stimulus Funds  Block Grants  Foundations, donations  Federal funds for Title I 7.4

6. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 7.5 Source: Digest of Education Statistics, National Center for Educational Statistics Common Core Data, “National Public Education Financial Survey,” U.S. Department of Education, 2000-01.

7. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 1. Horatio Alger – rags to riches 2. Genetics – you are born that way 3. Culture of Local Control – we know best 4. Poverty – social Darwinism, Max Weber 5. Flawed Studies – money does not increase test scores 6. Previous funding increases have not resulted in achievement gains – but money was not placed on instruction However, money indeed is not everything! 7.6

8. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 7.7 Source: National Education Association, Voter Commitment to Public Education, 2002, www.nca.org 8% 24% 60% 5% 26% 61% 6% 32% 50% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 FederalStateLocal Too muchAbout the right amountToo little

9. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.  Special Education - IDEA  Title I  Title IX  Categorical (stimulus) grants  Block grants  Legislation such as No Child Left Behind  Teacher standards of licensure - performance  Discrimination  Civil Rights  Flow-through funds to States  Un- and underfunded mandates of standards, etc. 7.8

10. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.  Levy taxes  License teachers and other educators  Set standards for school attendance, safety, etc.  Outline minimum curricular and graduation standards (sometimes including specific textbooks to be used and competency tests for student graduation and teacher certification)  Regulate the nature and size of local school districts 7.9

11. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.  Implement state/federal regulations and policies  Create and implement local policies and practices for effective school administration  Hire school personnel  Provide needed funds and build appropriate facilities  Determine salaries and working conditions  Translate community needs into educational practice  Initiate additional curriculum, licensing, or other requirements beyond state/federal requirements  Create current and long-range plans for the school district 7.1010

12. Sadker/Zittleman, Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 7.1111