1. U4 – who we are Operational since 2003 as a web-based resource centre funded by:

2. Rationale Existing ACA-literature shows little detail on UNCAC Often focussing on specialised agencies Need to identify institutional functions and mandates required in article 6 and what this means for states

3. General point for clarification Article 6 is intimately linked to article 5: Article 6,1: “Each State Party shall, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its legal system, ensure the existence of a body or bodies, as appropriate, that prevent corruption by such means as: a)Implementing the policies referred to in article 5 of this Convention and, where appropriate, overseeing and coordinating the implementation of those policies; b)Increasing and disseminating knowledge about the prevention of corruption.” Article 5,1: “Each State Party shall, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its legal system, develop and implement or maintain effective, coordinated anti-corruption policies...”

4. Required tasks Article 6 is intimately linked to article 5 States are to ensure the existence of a body or bodies, as appropriate, that prevent corruption by such means as: –implementing –overseeing and –coordinating the implementation of anti-corruption policies; and to increase and disseminate knowledge about the prevention of corruption.

5. Functions in Technical Guide Requiring public sector institutions to produce action plans Guiding/reviewing their implementation Evaluating/inspecting institutions Receiving/reviewing complaints Receiving audit, investigative and parliamentary reports Research in legislation and admin. procedure Undertaking public opinion surveys and developing other sources of information

6. Context of ac-policy making  But AC-policies can take place in different forms at different levels  and will have to include preventive functions of UNCAC chapter 2: –Public sector (Art. 7) –Codes of conduct for public officials (Art. 8) –Public procurement and management of public finances (Art. 9) –Public Reporting (Art. 10) –Measures relating to the judiciary and prosecution services (Art. 11) –Private Sector (Art. 12) –Participation of society (Art. 13) –Measures to prevent money laundering (Art. 14)

7. Who implements? Public policy Public Agencies Public Service units Ministries etc Coordination can be done by Executive (e.g. Presidential Office, ACA) for Communication Guidance Training

8. Who oversees? Arm-length oversight Public policy A Public Agencies Public Service units Ministries etc Public policy B Oversight levels: Intra-institutional oversight Cross-institutional oversight & coordination National oversight & coordination

9. Knowledge management Different objectives to increase knowledge about corruption prevention: knowledge required for policy making, implementation, oversight and monitoring knowledge to be used in trainings and staff specialisation knowledge to generate public support for anti-corruption reform This knowledge can be aimed at different audiences: governmental policy and decision-makers public officials for their day-to-day work the general public. Knowledge can be increased through research, monitoring reports, and take many different forms: baseline studies, perception surveys, sector studies, political economy studies, stakeholder analysis, indicator mapping, report cards, etc.  Many actors potentially involved, depending on purpose

10. Required independence UNCAC stipulates that body or bodies are to be granted necessary independence and the necessary material resources and specialized staff  to enable them to carry out its or their functions effectively and free from any undue influence

11. Independence revisited Independence to be adapted to different functions FunctionType of Independence Policy implementationMainly financial, some functional Coordination of implementationFinancial and functional Policy oversight: –Intra-institutional –Cross-institutional –National Functional Functional and financial Functional and financial, organisational desirable Coordination of oversightFinancial and functional Knowledge managementOrganisational and functional desirable

12. Consequences for institutional arrangements Need to broaden anti-corruption understanding Institutional arrangements need to fit national context Where ACA present, it should not be overburdened ACA should take over functions as to their comparative advantage Different institutions will have to be involved in the different functions Full independence hardly ever needed for preventive functions described in article 5 and 6

13. Thank you! Hannes Hechler U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre hannes.hechler@cmi.no www.u4.no