1. Questions We Will Answer Today How are traditional cost systems designed? How are traditional cost systems designed? What are the limitations of traditional cost systems when used for internal decision- making purposes? What are the limitations of traditional cost systems when used for internal decision- making purposes? What is a death spiral? What is a death spiral?

2. Bridgeton Industries

3. Background The ACF plant competes with other Bridgeton plants and local suppliers for a shrinking pool of production contracts. The ACF plant competes with other Bridgeton plants and local suppliers for a shrinking pool of production contracts. The ACF experienced a plant closing in the past with the shut-down of its diesel engine plant. The ACF experienced a plant closing in the past with the shut-down of its diesel engine plant.

4. Tell me what the consultants did.

5. Strategic Analysis Bridgeton hired a consulting firm to classify all plants’ products as: Bridgeton hired a consulting firm to classify all plants’ products as: –Class I products should remain at present locations. –Class II were to be watched closely –Class III products were outsourced or dropped. Four criteria were supposedly used: Four criteria were supposedly used: –Quality, customer service, technical capability, and cost.

6. Where did the consultants get their cost data?

7. Please tell me you’re kidding!

8. Describe Bridgeton’s existing cost system.

9. The Cost System One budgeted plantwide overhead cost pool One budgeted plantwide overhead cost pool One allocation base One allocation base –Direct labor dollars Utilization-based denominator volume Utilization-based denominator volume

10. What are the problems with this type of traditional cost system?

11. The Problems One heterogeneous plantwide overhead cost pool One heterogeneous plantwide overhead cost pool One volume-related allocation One volume-related allocation –Direct labor dollars Reliance on a utilization-based denominator volume Reliance on a utilization-based denominator volume Disregard of selling & administrative expenses Disregard of selling & administrative expenses

12. Should Bridgeton be concerned about these limitations?

13. Should Bridgeton Be Concerned About These Limitations? Yes! Because: Yes! Because: –They have product diversity. –The non-volume-related overhead dollars are material. –They probably have unused capacity.

14. Compute Bridgeton’s Plantwide overhead rate for 1988. Compute Bridgeton’s Plantwide overhead rate for 1988.

15. 1988 Overhead Rate $109,890 ÷ $25,294 = $4.3445 per DL$

16. What overhead rate did the consultants use as quoted in the case?

17. What overhead rate did the consultants use as quoted in the case? 435%, or essentially the same overhead rate used in Bridgeton’s traditional plantwide cost system.

18. Why is this plantwide rate useless?

19. To assume that all overhead is driven by direct labor is flawed. To assume that all overhead is driven by direct labor is flawed. –Miller and Vollmann graph To assume that $109 million of overhead is driven by any single volume-related allocation base is very flawed. To assume that $109 million of overhead is driven by any single volume-related allocation base is very flawed. –Miller and Vollmann transactions framework (quality, change, balancing, and logistical transactions) Assigning used and unused capacity costs distorts product cost consumption Assigning used and unused capacity costs distorts product cost consumption

20. What Distortions Will It Create?

21. It will overcost labor-intensive, high volume products and undercost non-labor- intensive, low volume products. It will overcost labor-intensive, high volume products and undercost non-labor- intensive, low volume products. It will overcost all products to the extent products are assigned unused capacity costs. It will overcost all products to the extent products are assigned unused capacity costs.

22. Why do you think Mufflers/Exhausts and Oil Pans were the first products labeled Class III?

23. Why Mufflers and Oil Pans? Fuel tanks: $4,238 ÷ $75,196 = 5.6% Manifolds:$6,027 ÷ $84,776 = 7.1% Doors:$2,731 ÷ $45,174 = 6.1% Muffler/Exhausts:$5,766 ÷ $66,266 = 8.7% Oil Pans: $6,532 ÷ $79,658 = 8.2%

24. The Outsourcing Decision Muffler/Exhausts and Oil Pans get outsourced Muffler/Exhausts and Oil Pans get outsourced The ACF responds by making as many improvements as possible. The ACF responds by making as many improvements as possible.

25. Compute Bridgeton’s budgeted plantwide overhead rate for 1989.

26. 1989 Overhead Rate $78,157 ÷ $13,537 = $5.77 per DL$ Why did the rate go up?

27. Compute the percent decrease in direct labor dollars from 1988 to 1989.

28. Percent Decrease in DL$ ($25,294 − $13,537) ÷ $25,294 = 46.5%

29. Compute the percent decrease in each overhead account from 1988 to 1989.

30. Percent Decrease in MOH Accounts 1000 (28.6%) 1000 (28.6%) 1500 (13.8%) 1500 (13.8%) 2000 (46.5%) 2000 (46.5%) 3000 (46.5%) 3000 (46.5%) 4000 (17.2%) 4000 (17.2%) 5000 (17.9%) 5000 (17.9%) 8000 (37.0%) 8000 (37.0%) 9000 (12.2%) 9000 (12.2%) 11000 (37.1%) 11000 (37.1%) 12000 (46.5%) 12000 (46.5%) 14000 (17.9%) 14000 (17.9%)

31. The Death Spiral Fixed overhead costs are being spread over a shrinking denominator volume. Fixed overhead costs are being spread over a shrinking denominator volume. To make matters worse, those overhead costs that were consumed by products are probably being misallocated for reasons previously mentioned. To make matters worse, those overhead costs that were consumed by products are probably being misallocated for reasons previously mentioned. Well done consultants! Well done consultants!

32. Why is Bridgeton’s approach okay for external reporting?

33. The “wash effect” The “wash effect” The segments vs. entity perspective The segments vs. entity perspective

34. Handout

35. Utilization-Based Overhead Rates Plant A June: ($120,000 + $500,000) ÷ 60,000 DLH = $10.33/ DLH July: ($100,000 + $500,000) ÷ 50,000 DLH = $12/DLH Plant B June: ($160,000 + $600,000) ÷ 80,000 DLH = $9.50/DLH July: ($180,000 + $600,000) ÷ 90,000 DLH = $8.67/DLH

36. Product Costs Plant A:JuneJuly DM$15$15 DL$10$10 MOH$5.17$ 6 Total$30.17$31 Plant B:JuneJuly DM$15$15 DL$10$10 MOH$4.75$4.34 Total$29.75$29.34

37. Capacity-Based Overhead Rates Plant A June: ($200,000 + $500,000) ÷ 100,000 DLH = $7.00/DLH July: ($200,000 + $500,000) ÷ 100,000 DLH = $7.00/DLH Plant B June: ($200,000 + $600,000) ÷ 100,000 DLH = $8.00/DLH July: ($200,000 + $600,000) ÷ 100,000 DLH = $8.00/DLH

38. Product Costs Plant A:JuneJuly DM$15$15 DL$10$10 MOH$3.50$3.50 Total$28.50$28.50 Plant B:JuneJuly DM$15$15 DL$10$10 MOH$4.00$4.00 Total$29.00$29.00

39. What is the unused capacity cost for each plant for each month?

40. Unused Capacity Costs JuneJuly Plant A: Fixed portion of rate $5.00$5.00 Unused capacity in DLH × 40,000 × 50,000 Unused capacity cost $200,000$250,000 Plant B: Fixed portion of rate $6.00$6.00 Unused capacity in DLH × 20,000 × 10,000 Unused capacity cost $120,000$60,000

41. Questions We Answered Today How are traditional cost systems designed? How are traditional cost systems designed? What are the limitations of traditional cost systems when used for internal decision- making purposes? What are the limitations of traditional cost systems when used for internal decision- making purposes? What is a death spiral? What is a death spiral?