1. What keeps us away from bacteria!

2.  Antibacterial: Chemicals which prevent the growth and multiplication of bacteria  Antibiotics: Chemicals produced by micro-organisms that act against other micro-organisms.

3.  The “magic bullet” introduced by German Scientist Paul Ehrlich, was a chemical designed to attack pathogenic cells without destroying the host cell.  This concept was used to treat syphilis  In the 1890’s Scientists discovered that some kinds of fungi could in fact kill bacteria

4.  1928, discovered that a mold on a Petri dish inhibited bacterial growth, he incurred that the mold had produced a compound which he called Penicillin.  This discovery was not pursued by Flemming.

5.  They isolated the antibacterial that was produced by the mold. Chain also worked out how to concentrate and isolate the Penicillin alone.  Using corn-steep liquor Florey and Chain produced the Penicillin in bulk, revolutionizing medical world. Industrialized in America in 1944 antibacterial’s reduced the death tolls.

6.  Reducing the death toll during the second world war Penicillin became largely advertised

7.  First of there are two types of bacteria.  Gram Positive: Simple cell wall  Gram Negative: Complex cell wall with many layers difficult to penetrate

9.  Three simple steps.  1. Prevents the cell wall formation  2. Water then enters the cell (bacteria walls)  3. The bacteria is destroyed

11.  Different Penicillin's work under different environments.  The R chain on the Pencillen structure is what's modified in order to gain different benefits.

14.  Two types of antibiotics  Broad spectrum: effective against a wide range of bacteria including beneficial bacteria. Blood/Urine test not required. Can be bought over counter  Narrow spectrum: effective against certain types of bacteria leaving others unharmed, blood and urine tests determine which bacteria in order to gain a viable prescription.

15.  Like most topics in chemistry there are exceptions to Penicillin.  The more Penicillin is used the less effective it becomes hence larger doses are needed.  Broad spectrum destroys useful bacteria.  Antibacterial drugs are given to animals to prevent diseases, those animals are then passed on to us for human consumption. (causing development of more resistant bacteria)

16.  To reduce chances of bacterial resistance other drugs and an important regime is needed.  Some people are allergic to penicillin causing skin rash and fever.  In more serious cases anaphylactic shock can occur which can be fatal.  Medical consent forms are required for penicillin allergic patients.