1. Urinalysis Collection and Interpretation
Michael Lavoie
Middlesex Community College
Veterinary Assistant Program
5/21/12

2. Introduction
Urinalysis is an important tool in disease detection, as well as monitoring and screening animal health.
Complete urinalysis involves both macroscopic and microscopic assessment.

3. The Dipstick Test
This is typically performed by gross visual assessment of the urine, microscopic examination, and chemical evaluation.
Several chemical parameters can be measured using a commercially available in house dipstick test.
This test is relatively inexpensive, and takes less than 5 minutes to complete.

4. Urine Testing
Typical dipstick strips include the following tests: bilirubin, blood, glucose, ketones, pH, protein specific gravity, and urobilinogen.
Some dipsticks also include leukocytes and nitrite analyses.

5. Why Urine Test?
Abnormalities can be indicative of diseases of the urinary system as well as other organ systems, including liver function, acid-base status, and carbohydrate metabolism.

6. Sample Collection
Urine should be collected in a clean, dry container that is free of any disinfecting or cleaning chemicals.
Samples may be collected by free catch of voided sample, manual bladder expression, catheterization, or cystocentesis

7. Voided Samples
Voided samples are the easiest and least invasive samples to collect
However, voided samples may have contaminants that include bacteria, epithelial cells, and white blood cells.

8. Tips Red blood cells should not be found in normal voided samples.
Voided samples should be collected midstream to lessen contaminants from the vagina or prepuce
Collection of samples from surfaces such as floors, cages, and litter boxes should be avoided, since these will introduce environmental contaminants.

9. What you need to collect a voided sample?
Sterile collection cup
Rubber glove
syringe

10. Manual Expression of the Bladder
In this method, the patient’s bladder is gently squeezed until urine is expressed
This technique may lead to bladder trauma resulting in hematuria, and in some instances (such as urethral obstruction) may result in a ruptured bladder

11. Catherization
Catheterization is performed by placing a small hollow tube into the urethra to the level of the bladder.
Urine is then withdrawn from the bladder using a syringe.
Catheterized samples have less contamination from the distal urogenital tract; however, contamination from the urethra may still occur.
Poor catheterization technique may lead to trauma or, less commonly, infection.

12. Cystocentesis
Cystocentesis samples are collected by inserting a sterile needle through the body wall into the bladder.
Urine is withdrawn from the bladder using a syringe.
A lateral or ventral approach to the bladder may be made without causing severe trauma to any vital region of the bladder.

13. Cystocentesis
Clipping or surgical preparation of the area along the body wall is not necessary prior to sample collection.
Often a 1 inch or 1.5 inch 22 gauge needle is used attached to a 6 or 12 cc syringe.
The bladder is manually immobilized and the needle is inserted through the abdominal wall into the bladder, and the urine is withdrawn.

14. Cystocentesis
It is important to stop aspirating prior to withdrawing the needle as this may lead to aspiration of blood cells or epithelium from the bladder wall.
Animals often tolerate cystocentesis very well and little restraint is needed.

15. Sample Handling
In order to obtain accurate results, the urine collection, storage and handling must be sterile and follow standard procedures.
The dipstick analysis should be performed as soon after collection as possible (ideally within 30 minutes of collection) and the sample should be well mixed prior to testing.

16. Sample Handling
If for some reason the test cannot be performed immediately, the sample may be covered and refrigerated.
It should be allowed to return to room temperature prior to testing.

17. Testing Methods
Dipsticks may be removed from the air tight, light sealed containers.
It is important not to touch the reagent areas of the strip as this may alter test results.
Each reagent area should be immersed in urine by dipping.

18. Testing Methods
The excess urine should be removed to prevent dilution of reagents or mixing of reagents between pads.
This can be achieved by tilting the strip and allowing the urine to run off the edges

19. Testing Methods
The reagent pads should be read at the specified times. These times are different for each test and also vary between dipstick manufacturers.
Compare the blocks to the corresponding color chart provided by the test strip's manufacturer.

20. Testing Methods
Urine discoloration may create difficulty in visually interpreting the test results.
Color changes may be masked, or read as false positive test results.
If the urine is noticeably discolored, the sample may be centrifuged and the supernatant used for analysis.

21. Interpretation on test results
Dipsticks commonly include tests for specific gravity, pH, glucose, protein, blood, bilirubin, ketones, urobilinogen, nitrite, and leukocytes.

22. Specific Gravity
Urine specific gravity is based on the ratio of weight of urine to weight of an equivalent volume of pure water.
Although dipstick strips do have a method of approximating specific gravity, this measurement is best made with a refractometer.
Normal specific gravity in dog or cat is:

23. Urine pH
This number is a reading of how acidic or alkaline the urine is. On a pH scale of 1-14, 7 is considered neutral, meaning neither acid nor alkaline.
A number less than 7 indicates acidity, while a number greater than 7 indicates alkalinity.
Normal pH is

24. Protein
Healthy animals will usually not have any protein in their urine, although in some cases small, trace amounts may be normal.
The significance of any protein in the urine is dependent upon the specific gravity of the sample.
Small amounts of protein are more significant in dilute or unconcentrated urine.

25. Glucose
If the glucose (sugar) in the blood is significantly higher than normal, (for example, in diabetes) some of the excess will be found in the urine.
Normal dog and cat urine should be negative for glucose on a dipstick.

26. Ketones
Ketones are substances formed in the body during the breakdown of lipids (fat).
When excess amounts of ketones are formed, their level rises in the blood, and in turn, the urine.
The condition of excess ketones in the urine is termed "ketonuria."
Normal pet urine should have no Ketones.

27. Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a pigment made by the liver from dead or dying red blood cells.
Small amounts of bilirubin may sometimes be found in the urine of healthy dogs.
Bilirubin in the urine of a cat is a concern and calls for further investigation.
Can signify liver disease, a bile duct blockage, or hemolysis

28. Urobilinogen
This is a compound formed from bilirubin by intestinal bacteria.
Normal cats and dogs have small amounts of urobilinogen in their urine.
This is a common test that is included on many dipsticks, but the results are not considered very accurate in pets, and are difficult to interpret.

29. Blood
Healthy pets may have a few red blood cells in their urine, but greater than normal amounts indicate a problem.
Blood in the urine (hematuria) can be due to a number of causes, including trauma, urinary tract infection, bladder stones, and blood clotting problems.

30. Nitrites
Nitrites may be produced by the bacteria present in some infections.
However, this test often shows false negative results, and is considered inaccurate in pets.

31. White Blood Cells
Urine sediment should be examined for the presence of white blood cells.
Larger than normal numbers of white blood cells may indicate inflammation from a bladder or kidney infection.
Bladder stones can also cause inflammation.
However, white blood cells can also enter the urine from the prepuce or vagina during sample collection.

32. Bacteria
Urine sediment should be examined for the presence of bacteria.
Small amounts of bacteria in a urine sample may be from contamination during sample collection.
Large amounts of bacteria usually indicate a bladder infection, especially if an uncontaminated sample was obtained via cystocentesis.

33. QUESTIONS?