1. VIDEO ARCHIVING Models and opportunities Marshall Breeding Director for Innovative Technology and Research Vanderbilt University Library Executive Director, Vanderbilt Television News Archive Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guides http://www.librarytechnology.org/ http://twitter.com/mbreeding Establishing Digital Libraries in the Maghreb region of North Africa 3 February 2011

2. Vanderbilt Television News Archive  Establish August 5, 1968  Records news broadcasts of the major television networks  ABC, CBS, NBC since 1968  CNN and FOX news added in 1995 and 2004  Core collection of evening news broadcasts  Specials collections includes live coverage of major events

3. Access to our Collections  Freely available database of 950,000 news items  On-site viewing for the entire collection  Access to whole collection through streaming video onsite and at the Library of Congress  Loans of physical media (Service fees apply)  Streaming of selected network content to colleges and universities in the United States (Annual subscription Fee)  Copyright restrictions prevent open access to streaming content  CBS Lawsuit in 1974  Exemption added to the 1976 revisions to the US copyright law (Section 108 (f)(3)

4. Cycles of Technology  Recording media and technology evolves  Vanderbilt TV News media:  1-inch open real Type A Ampex  ¾-inch UMatic Videocassettes  Digital files MPEG-2 masters RealMedia for access

5. National Audiovisual Conservation Center

6. SAMMA robotic digitizing system

7. Preservation versus Access  Preservation  MPEG-2  Motion JPEG-2000 (Library of Congress)  Access  RealMedia (Vanderbilt)  Flash – proprietary (Not supported by Apple)  H.264 Some patent issues: Recent announcement that Google will not support in the future  WebM/VP8 Open source video codec

8. Preserving television as cultural heritage  Vanderbilt specializes in news, but many other important areas of programming  Documentaries, entertainment, sports, cinema

9. Challenges for Broadcast news archives  National news  manageable through a centralized project  Local News  Great potential resource through the aggregation of many local stations  Distributed effort required  Federated system of recording and description

10. International television news archiving  Involvement in systematic television archiving varies  Some countries mandate and support at least some archiving United Kingdom / BBC  Capacity varies by national libraries and other cultural memory institutions to archive television and other video  Many informal projects  Chapman Archive in New Zealand (example)

11. Access to video collections  Provenance and copyright limit ability to provide open public access  Rights management can be complex  Many embedded rights owners Networks / producers Artists Music Television commercials

12. Challenges for Preservation  Many existing collections remain on videotape or other obsolete formats  Narrowing window of opportunity for preservation through digital reformatting  Deterioration of media  Decreasing availability of playback equipment

13. Description and Metadata  In a digitization project, providing adequate descriptive metadata involves more time and expense than reformatting

14. Describing video collections  Metadata standards  Dublin Core  Public Broadcasting Core (PB Core)  Motion Picture Experts Group: MPEG-7

15. Digital library standards  Adhering to international standards will ensure capacity to exchange resources with other digital libraries  Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS)  Standard for packaging digital objects for interoperability among digital libraries  PREMIS – preservation metadata  MPEG-21 DIDL Item Declaration Language

16. Automated Video Description  Use technology to create metadata  May be supplemented through human efforts  Closed Caption – line 21  Decode cc and turn into text  Speech-to-text of audio track  OCR of any text that appears on-screen  Term extraction  Coordinate metadata through timecode data  Examples: Informedia lab of Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.informedia.cs.cmu.edu/)http://www.informedia.cs.cmu.edu/  Specializes in multi-lingual search and retrieval on video content

17. Practical advice  Vanderbilt has a forty year tradition of manually producing abstracts of news  Manual description expensive and limits the volume of material that can be affordably processed  Would recommend that new projects leverage technology to describe video and extract term

18. Current considerations for Video Archives  Many categories of cost have diminished  High capacity Storage: once a major expense; today storage costs have plummeted  Cloud storage options: May be an option for institutions with adequate internet bandwidth  Equipment: presence of DVR and other TV recording devices has resulted in low-cost components  Metadata creation: Technologies available for automated video description with potential for major savings for cataloging video footage.  Conclusion: better opportunities for digital video collections than ever before with lower costs and lower thresholds for technology