1. The Industrial Revolution
Mechanization, Urban Growth, Consumption, “Proletarianization”

2. How did the world go from this?

3. To this?

4. A New Agricultural Revolution
Improved Methods of Farming
Enclosure Movement
Population Explosion
Dikes for land reclamation
Fertilizer
Seed Drill – Jethro Tull
Crop rotation
Rich landowners fenced in land formerly shared by peasant farmers.
Output rose with fewer workers
Tenants displaced
Moved to cities
Britain’s population rose from 5 million in 1700 to 9 million in 1800.
Declining death rates
Reduced risk of famine.

5. Mechanization
During the first half of the 19th century, the European manufacturing process shifted from small-scale production by hand at home to large-scale production by machine in a factory setting.

6. At the Expense of Workers
The shift meant high quality products at competitive prices, but often at the expense of workers. For example, the raw wool and cotton that fed the British textile mills came from:
Lands converted from farming to sheep raising, leaving farm workers without jobs
The southern plantations of the United States, which were dependent upon slave labor

7. James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention
James Watt's improvements in 1769 and 1784 to the steam engine converted a machine of limited use, to one of efficiency and many applications.

8. James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention
Watt’s improved steam engine was the foremost energy source in the emerging Industrial Revolution, and greatly multiplied its productive capacity.

9. James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention
Watt was a creative genius who radically transformed the world from an agricultural society into an industrial one. Through Watt’s invention of the first practical steam engine, our modern world eventually moved from a 90% rural basis to a 90% urban basis.

10. James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention
Improved steam engines led to improved systems for transporting people and factory goods.

11. Urbanization
In the mid 1700s, more than half the population of Britain lived and worked on farms.
Between 1750 and 1851, displaced farming families moved to the cities to work in the new factories.

12. 1850: Population Living in Cities
Urban Growth
Those who could no longer make a living on the land migrated from the countryside to the cities to seek work in the factories.
1850: Population Living in Cities

13. Population Growth
At the same time, the population of Europe continued to grow.

14. The Plight of the Cities
The sheer number of human beings put pressure on city resources:
Housing, water, sewers, food supplies, and lighting were completely inadequate.
Slums grew and disease, especially cholera, ravaged the population.
Crime increased and became a way of life for those who could make a living in no other way.

15. Urban Living Conditions
Factory owners rushed to build housing
Back to back row houses
Several people in very small spaces
Poor sanitation
High disease rates
Crime
Massive pollution

16. Conditions in the Countryside
The only successful farmers were those with large landholdings who could afford agricultural innovations.
Most peasants:
Didn’t have enough land to support themselves
Were devastated by poor harvests (e.g., the Irish Potato Famine of )
Were forced to move to the cities to find work in the factories.

17. Urban Living Conditions
Average Age at Death for Different Classes
CITY
GENTRY
TRADESPEOPLE
LABORERS
Rutland 52 41 38
Truro 40 33 28
Derby 49 21
Manchester 20 17
Bethnal Green 45 26 16
Liverpool 35 22 15
Rutland – agricultural area in central England
Other locations – major industrial centers
Truro – tin mining center

18. The Labor Force
No single description could include all of these 19th century workers:
Factory workers
Urban artisans
Domestic system craftsmen
Household servants
Miners
Countryside peddlers
Farm workers
Railroad workers
Variations in duties, income, and working conditions made it difficult for them to unite.

19. The Condition of Labor
All working people, however, faced possible unemployment, with little or no provision for security.
In addition, they were subject to various kinds of discipline:
The closing of factory gates to late workers
Fines for tardiness
Dismissal for drunkenness
Public censure for poor quality workmanship
Beatings for non-submissiveness

20. Working Conditions and Wages
Common working day: 12 – 14 hours
One short break for lunch
Work week: 6 days per week
80 degree heat
Workers were beaten if they did not perform well.
Hot, polluted factory air.
Workers risked losing limbs from the machines.
Low wages.

21. Child Labor Children shifted from farm work to factory work.
12 – 14 hour days
6 day weeks
Lower wages than adults.
Began at age 5.
Mining work deformed bodies.

22. Child Labor
As concerns about the welfare of children rose in mid 1800s, Parliament held investigations into working conditions.
New laws and new labor unions improved conditions.

23. The Role of the Railroads
The railroads, built during the 1830s and 1840s:
Enabled people to leave the place of their birth and migrate easily to the cities.
Allowed cheaper and more rapid transport of raw materials and finished products.
Created an increased demand for iron and steel and a skilled labor force.

24. Family Structures Changed
With the decline of the domestic system and the rise of the factory system, family life changed.
At first, the entire family, including the children, worked in the factory, just as they had at home.
Later, family life became fragmented (the father worked in the factory, the mother handled domestic chores, the children went to school).

25. Family as a Unit of Consumption
In short, the European family changed from being a unit of production and consumption to being a unit of consumption alone.

26. Gender-Determined Roles
That transformation prepared the way for gender-determined roles.
Women came to be associated with domestic duties, such as housekeeping, food preparation, child rearing and nurturing, and household management.
The man came to be associated almost exclusively with breadwinning.

27. The Industrial Revolution
Economic Effects
Social Effects
New inventions and development of factories
Rapidly growing industry in the 1800s
Increased production and higher demand for raw materials
Growth of worldwide trade
Population explosion and a large labor force
Exploitation of mineral resources
Highly developed banking and investment system
Advances in transportation, agriculture, and communication
Long hours worked by children in factories
Increase in population of cities
Poor city planning
Loss of family stability
Expansion of middle class
Harsh conditions for laborers
Workers’ progress vs. laissez-faire economic attitudes
Improved standard of living
Creation of new jobs
Encouragement of technological progress
Political Effects
Child labor laws to end abuses
Reformers urging equal distribution of wealth (i.e. Karl Marx)
Trade unions
Social reform movements, such as utilitarianism, utopianism, socialism, and Marxism
Reform bills in Parliament

28. Economists of the Industrial Revolution
Adam Smith: advocated laissez- faire economics. No government regulation of business. A free market will produce more goods at lower prices, making them affordable by everyone. The basis of Capitalism.
Thomas Malthus: Population will outpace the food supply
David Ricardo: Poor having too many children, thus leading to a high labor supply and lower wages.

29. Reformers
Jeremy Bentham: utilitarianism – “greatest happiness for the greatest number.”
John Stuart Mill: advocated government help for the poor and giving the vote to workers and women.
Robert Owen: actually built a factory based on the idea that an employer could offer decent living and working conditions and still make a profit.

30. Karl Marx Scientific socialism
Economics really a struggle between the “haves” (upper class and merchants) and the “have nots” (proletariat working class.)
Advocated a workers’ revolution to replace private ownership of property with cooperative ownership.
Led to system of Communism.

31. “Proletarianization”
During the century, factory workers underwent a process of proletarianization (i.e., they lost control of the means of production).
Factory owners provided the financial capital to construct the factory, to purchase the machinery, and to secure the raw materials.
The factory workers merely exchanged their labor for wages.