9. AIR RAIN ESTUARINE WATER SEA WATERRIVER WATER OCEANIC SEDIMENTSOIL ESTUARINE SEDIMENTFLUVIAL SEDIMENT Movement of trace metals in the hydrological cycle (Salomons, Förstner, 1984) INGEOMINAS - G. Prieto, 1998

10. VEGETATION MAN SUSPENDED MATTER INTERSTITIAL WATER SEDIMENT GROUND WATER SOIL BIOTA SURFACE WATER TERRESTRIAL STUDIES AQUATIC STUDIES Schematic presentation of metal reservoirs and their interaction in aquatic and terrestrial systems (Salomon, Förstner, 1984) INGEOMINAS - G. Prieto, 1998

11. Ions or inorganic/organic compounds in solution Exchangeable ions in organic or inorganic exchange complexes (e.g. Humic mayerials and clay perticles) Complexes or chelates with organic materials Precipitated insoluble compounds and coprecipitated on solids Incorporated in solid biological materials Incorporated in the crystalline structures of primary and/or secondary minerals Pasive/active bonding to the cell walls/ surfaces, translocation inside cell/body Ingestion as “food”, passage throughout digestive system, adsorption and incorporation into tissues/organs Easily available Avalaible Less available Available only altered chemical conditions Available only after decomposition Available only after weathering Metal poolAquatic organisms Excretion of metal forms both in the liquid and solid forms Excretion of complexants Leaching and decay Feed-back mechanisms Availability of metal forms for biological uptake (Solomons, Förstner, 1984) (After Baudo 1982, reproduced with permission of the Author) INGEOMINAS - G. Prieto, 1998

12. Factors Influencing the Toxicity of Heavy Metals in Solution (Bryan, 1976) Form of metal in water Inorganic organic soluble particulate Ion complex ion chelate ion molecule Colloidal precipitated adsorbed Presence of other metals or poisons Joint action no interaction antagonism More-than-additive additive less-than-additive Factors influencing physiology of organisms and possibly form of metal in water Temperature pH dissolved oxygen light salinity Condition of organism Behavioral response Stage in life history (egg, larva, etc.) changes in life cycle (e.g. Moulting reproduction) age and size sex starvation activity additional protection (e.g. shell) adaptation to metals Altered behavior INGEOMINAS, G.Prieto, 1998

13. Minerals of natural rock debris e.g. heavy minerals Heavy metal hydroxides carbonates sulfides Hydroxides and oxides of Fe/Mn Bitumen, lipids Humic substances Residual organics Calcium carbonate Metal bonding predominantly in inert positions Precipitation as a result of exceeding the solubility product in the area of the water course Physico-sorption Chemical sorption (exchange of H + in fixed positions) Coprecipitation as a result of exceeding solubility product Physico-sorption Chemical sorption (exchange of H + in COOH -, OH - groups) Complexes Physico-sorption Pseudomorphosis (dependent on supply and time) Coprecipitation (incorporation by exceeding the solubility product) INGEOMINAS, G.Prieto, 1988) Carrier Substances and Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Bonding (Forstner & Patchineelam,1976) pH - dependant

14. Sorption Coatings Sedimentation Resuspension DEPOSITED SEDIMENTS Ageing effects, redistribution of trace metals over sedimentary phases Release of components to the interstitial waters IRON MANGANESE HIGH MOLECUALR WEIGHT ORGANICS INORGANIC LIGANDS LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT ORGANIC LIGANDS METALS n+ METAL COLOID COMPLEXES METAL (IN)ORGANIC COMPLEXES SUSPENDED MATTER (particulate metal speciation) Summary of major processes and mechanisms in the interactions between disolved an solid metals species in surface waters (Salomons, Förstner, 1984) INGEOMINAS - G. Prieto, 1998

15. AIR incineration smeltging exhaust OCEAN TERRESTRIAL SYSTEMS FRESH WATER ESTUARIES land aplication of sewage sludge fallout Leaks effluents dumping evapotranspiration wind erotion biota flux irrigation leaching erosion river flow biota flux mixing Biota flux dredging Routes of metals pollutants into the environment (Nisbet and Sarofin in Goldberg 19769) INGEOMINAS, G. Prieto, 1998

16. Geochemical Engineering Atmosphere Water Sediment/Soil Mineral Ore Magma/Rock Atmosphere Water Sediment/Soil Mineral Ore Magma/Rock Environmental Geochemistry Mineral Exploration Environmental Geochemistry Mineral Exploration Waste Materials Products Production Raw Materials Waste Materials Products Production Raw Materials Geochemistry Applied Technology Geochemistry Economics Geochemistry Applied Technology Geochemistry Economics New Developments in Environmental Geochemistry (Salomons, Förstner. Mader, 1995) INGEOMINAS - G. Prieto, 1998